Fischer’s Mastery of Surgery 8 Edition Author(s) : E. Christopher Ellison ,Gilbert R. Upchurch MD,Philip Alexander Efron

$484.99

  • Provides extensive coverage (including select procedural videos) of common thoracic, breast, esophageal, endocrine, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, biliary, vascular, and transplantation procedures across 311 chapters
  • Includes new sections on perioperative care and critical care; abdominal core health; trauma, burn, and acute care surgery; and pediatric surgery as well as new Mastery Keys anatomy chapters
  • Walks you step by step through each procedure, with tips and cautions from leading surgeons 

Descripción

Edition 8
ISBN/ISSN 9781975176433
Product Format Hardcover Multi-Volume Book
Trim Size 8 3/8 x 10 7/8
Pages 2810
Table 250
Publication Date October 31, 2023
Weight 18.6

For 40 years, Fischer’s Mastery of Surgery has provided expert, highly illustrated coverage of the procedures that general surgeons and trainees need to know. The fully revised 8th Edition, under the editorial leadership of Drs. E. Christopher Ellison, Gilbert R. Upchurch Jr., Philip A. Efron, Steven D. Wexner, Nancy D. Perrier, V. Suzanne Klimberg, John H. Stewart IV, Valerie W. Rusch, Jon C. Gould, Susan Galandiuk, Timothy M. Pawlik, William C. Chapman, Benjamin K. Poulose, Peter K. Henke, Alicia M. Mohr, Saleem Islam, Anne M.R. Agur, Carol Scott-Conner, and David Renton, continues the tradition of excellence with two full-color volumes that include the essentials of diagnosis, anatomy, and pre-operative planning while maintaining a focus on clear, step-by-step depictions and descriptions of procedures.

  • Brings you up to date with evidence-based approaches for virtually any surgery you’ll be called upon to perform

 

  • Provides extensive coverage (including select procedural videos) of common thoracic, breast, esophageal, endocrine, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, biliary, vascular, and transplantation procedures across 311 chapters

 

  • Includes new sections on perioperative care and critical care; abdominal core health; trauma, burn, and acute care surgery; and pediatric surgery as well as new Mastery Keys anatomy chapters

 

  • Walks you step by step through each procedure, with tips and cautions from leading surgeons

 

  • Concludes each chapter with expert editorial commentary that puts the chapter material in a broad context and provides helpful critiques of the most recent literature

 

  • Features more than 2,600 illustrations and photographs that offer a surgeon’s-eye-view of the most advanced approaches

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Foreword
  5. Preface
  6. Contents
  7. Video Contents
  8. Contributors

 

 

  1. VOLUME I

  2. SECTION I: PERIOPERATIVE CARE OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT
  3. CHAPTER 1: Metabolic and Inflammatory Responses to Trauma and Infection
  4. INTRODUCTION
  5. Acute Phase Response to Injury
  6. Catabolism in Injury
  7. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
  8. Carbohydrate Metabolism
  9. Hormonal Changes During Injury and Stress
  10. Glucagon
  11. Glucocorticoids
  12. Adrenal Insufficiency
  13. NEUROENDOCRINE CHANGES DURING TRAUMA AND INFECTION
  14. ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING TRAUMA AND INFECTION
  15. AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
  16. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ADRENERGIC STRESS
  17. OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE ALTERATIONS
  18. Vasopressin
  19. Thyroid
  20. Growth Hormone
  21. The Gonadal Axis
  22. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INJURY
  23. OUTCOMES
  24. CHAPTER 2: Perioperative Management: Practical Principles, Risk Determination and Future Directions
  25. INTRODUCTION
  26. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  27. The Physiologic Changes Due to the Surgical Stress Response and Anesthesia
  28. Surgical Urgency and Risk Estimation
  29. PERIOPERATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
  30. Surgery-Specific Risk
  31. Patient-Specific Risk
  32. Combined Risk Assessment
  33. History and Physical Examination and Preoperative Laboratory Testing
  34. A SYSTEM-BASED APPROACH TO PERIOPERATIVE EVALUATION
  35. Cardiovascular
  36. Pulmonary
  37. Renal
  38. Hepatobiliary
  39. Rheumatologic
  40. SPECIAL POPULATIONS
  41. The Older Patient
  42. The Pregnant Patient
  43. The Patient for Whom Transfusion Is Not an Option
  44. The Patient With a History of Malignancy or Immunocompromise
  45. The Obese Patient
  46. MEDICATION REVIEW
  47. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  48. Artificial Intelligence and Surgical Decision Making
  49. CHAPTER 3: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Renal Replacement Therapy
  50. INTRODUCTION
  51. TOTAL BODY WATER AND FLUID COMPOSITION (Fig. 3.1)
  52. ASSESSMENT OF FLUID STATUS
  53. INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS
  54. ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES AND MANAGEMENT (FIGS. 3.2 AND 3.3)
  55. Sodium
  56. Potassium
  57. Magnesium (Mg)
  58. Calcium (Ca)
  59. Phosphate
  60. MANAGEMENT OF RENAL FAILURE: RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND DIALYSIS
  61. DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
  62. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF EARLY ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
  63. INDICATIONS FOR RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
  64. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY PRINCIPLES
  65. INTERMITTENT DIALYSIS (IHD) VERSUS CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY (CRRT)
  66. CHAPTER 4: Enteral Nutrition Support and Gastrointestinal Issues
  67. INTRODUCTION
  68. A History of Artificial Nutrition
  69. NUTRITION ASSESSMENT
  70. Anthropometric and Body Composition Assessment
  71. BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT
  72. Serum Creatinine and Nitrogen Balance Studies
  73. Serum Visceral Protein
  74. Nutrition Assessment Tools
  75. Summary: Nutritional Assessment of the Surgical Patient
  76. METABOLIC RESPONSE TO STARVATION AND TO INJURY
  77. Starvation
  78. Surgical and Traumatic Injury
  79. CALORIE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
  80. Estimating Energy Expenditure
  81. Protein Requirements
  82. MACRONUTRIENTS: ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION
  83. Carbohydrates
  84. Protein
  85. Lipids
  86. Vitamins and Minerals
  87. ENTERAL NUTRITION
  88. Overview of Nutritional Support Strategies
  89. Advantages of Enteral Nutrition
  90. Contraindications
  91. Timing of Initiation
  92. Dosing and Permissive Underfeeding Strategies
  93. Alternatives to Continuous Feeding Strategies
  94. Monitoring Tolerance
  95. Enteral Formulations
  96. DISEASE-SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS AND ADDITIVES
  97. Pulmonary Formulas
  98. Diabetic Formulas
  99. Malabsorptive Formulas
  100. Renal Formulations
  101. Hepatic Formulations
  102. Immune and Metabolic Modulation With Nutrition (Immunonutrition)
  103. Antioxidant Additives/Supplementation
  104. Probiotics and Prebiotics
  105. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ELECTIVE PERIOPERATIVE SETTING
  106. Early Initiation of Enteral Support
  107. Preoperative Carbohydrate Loading
  108. SUMMARY
  109. CHAPTER 5: Respiratory Care and Ventilation in the Surgical ICU
  110. INTRODUCTION
  111. NORMAL PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY
  112. IMPACT OF SURGICAL CARE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION
  113. RISK FACTORS FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS OR ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE
  114. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
  115. PULMONARY PREHABILITATION FOR THE ELECTIVE SURGICAL PATIENT
  116. INTRAOPERATIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION
  117. COMMON APPROACHES TO NONINVASIVE VENTILATION
  118. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY DURING POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
  119. VENTILATOR PRESCRIPTION ELEMENTS
  120. Directly Set Elements
  121. Measured Pressures
  122. Derived Pressures
  123. Essential Waveforms
  124. Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) and Bilevel Ventilation (Figs. 5.11 and 5.12)
  125. Pressure Support Ventilation
  126. Non–ventilator-Based Assessment Tools
  127. Postoperative Management
  128. Adjuncts for Respiratory Care
  129. CONCLUSIONS
  130. CHAPTER 6: Cardiovascular Monitoring and Support
  131. INTRODUCTION
  132. CARDIOVASCULAR MONITORING
  133. Physical Findings
  134. Electrocardiography
  135. Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring
  136. Central Venous Pressure Monitoring
  137. Pulmonary Artery Catheter Monitoring
  138. Noninvasive Cardiovascular Monitoring
  139. CARDIOVASCULAR SUPPORT
  140. Resuscitation
  141. Inotropic Support
  142. Vasoactive Modulation
  143. MECHANICAL VENTRICULAR ASSISTANCE
  144. CHAPTER 7: Best Practices in Endocrine Care in the Perioperative Period
  145. INTRODUCTION
  146. PINEAL GLAND
  147. HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
  148. PARATHYROID
  149. THYROID GLAND
  150. ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
  151. Insulin
  152. Glucagon
  153. Somatostatin
  154. Amylin, Ghrelin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Motilin, Obestatin, Substance P, and Serotonin
  155. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
  156. THE ADRENAL GLAND
  157. CARCINOID SYNDROME AND OTHER FUNCTIONAL NEUROENDOCRINE TISSUE
  158. TESTIS AND OVARY
  159. THYMUS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
  160. CHAPTER 8: Hemorrhagic Risk, Blood Components, and Anticoagulation/DVT Prophylaxis
  161. INTRODUCTION
  162. ACQUIRED COAGULOPATHY
  163. Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy
  164. Coagulopathy of Liver Disease
  165. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
  166. Inherited Coagulopathies
  167. MEDICATION-INDUCED COAGULOPATHY
  168. Anticoagulants and Respective Reversal Agents
  169. Antiplatelet Agents
  170. Oral Anticoagulants
  171. Warfarin Reversal
  172. Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
  173. Emergency Reversal of DOACs
  174. Viscoelastic Testing (VET)
  175. WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
  176. PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (PRBC)
  177. PLASMA
  178. CRYOPRECIPITATE
  179. PLATELETS
  180. TRANEXAMIC ACID
  181. TRANSFUSION-RELATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (TRIM)
  182. TRANSFUSION-RELATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY (TRALI)
  183. TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED CARDIAC OVERLOAD (TACO)
  184. CHAPTER 9: Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Treatment of Surgical Infection and Sepsis
  185. INTRODUCTION
  186. PREVENTION OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION
  187. Epidemiology and Classification of SSI
  188. Risk Factors for Developing SSI
  189. Microbiology
  190. General Measures to Prevent SSI
  191. Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
  192. MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS
  193. MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTIONS
  194. COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL SEPSIS
  195. Diagnostic Workup
  196. Empiric Antimicrobial Management
  197. Microbiology in Patients With Community-Associated Infections
  198. Microbiology in Patients With Health care-Associated Infections
  199. Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Therapy for Severe Community-Associated Infection
  200. Antimicrobials in Patients With Health care-Associated Intra-Abdominal Infections
  201. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Intra-Abdominal Sepsis
  202. De-Escalation Approach for Polymicrobial Infections
  203. Newer Antimicrobial Agents
  204. Surgical Interventions and Nonoperative Procedures
  205. Timing of Source Control
  206. Adequacy of Source Control
  207. Prognosis and Clinical Outcome
  208. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
  209. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Definitions
  210. Microbiology of Uncomplicated SSTI
  211. Microbiology of cSSTI
  212. Antimicrobial Therapy
  213. Principles of Surgical Intervention
  214. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection
  215. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP
  216. CONCLUSION
  217. CHAPTER 10: Sedation and Delirium in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
  218. INTRODUCTION
  219. ICU SEDATION AND AGITATION
  220. Historical Perspective
  221. Assessment of Sedation and Agitation
  222. Sedative Agents in the ICU
  223. Treatment of Agitation
  224. Specific Populations
  225. DELIRIUM
  226. Pathophysiology of Delirium and Its Risk Factors
  227. Recognition and Diagnosis
  228. Prevention and Treatment
  229. SUMMARY
  230. CHAPTER 11: Acute Postoperative Pain Management
  231. INTRODUCTION
  232. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  233. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  234. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  235. THERAPY OPTIONS
  236. Acetaminophen
  237. Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists
  238. Gabapentinoids
  239. Ketamine
  240. Lidocaine Intravenous Infusion
  241. Muscle Relaxants
  242. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
  243. Opioids
  244. Regional Analgesics
  245. Tramadol
  246. Multimodal THERAPY
  247. DISCHARGE
  248. SPECIAL POPULATIONS
  249. Geriatric Patients
  250. Chronic Pain Patients
  251. CONCLUSION
  252. CHAPTER 12: Surgeons and the Opioid Epidemic
  253. INTRODUCTION
  254. BRIEF HISTORY OF OPIOIDS
  255. A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL ADVERTISING
  256. MISCONSTRUED SCIENCE
  257. PARADIGM CHANGE
  258. A RAPID INCREASE IN PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS
  259. A MIDDLE-AMERICA PROBLEM
  260. OPIOIDS AND THE SURGEON
  261. Preoperative Chronic Opioid Use
  262. Surgeons Are Overprescribing Opioids for Postoperative Pain
  263. APPROACHES TO PREVENTION
  264. Primary Prevention
  265. Secondary Prevention
  266. APPROACHES TO ADDICTION TREATMENT
  267. Methadone
  268. Buprenorphine
  269. Naltrexone
  270. HARM REDUCTIONS STRATEGIES
  271. Needle Exchange Programs
  272. Supervised Injection Facilities
  273. MULTIMODALITY ADDICTION STRATEGIES
  274. MAINTAINING ABSTINENCE
  275. FINAL DISCUSSION
  276. CONCLUSION
  277. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  278. CHAPTER 13: Surgery and Perioperative Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic
  279. INTRODUCTION
  280. PREADMISSION AND ADMISSION CONSIDERATIONS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC
  281. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  282. INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
  283. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  284. COST OF DELAY
  285. CHAPTER 14: Core Procedures in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
  286. INTRODUCTION
  287. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  288. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT
  289. TECHNIQUE
  290. COMPLICATIONS
  291. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  292. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT
  293. TECHNIQUE
  294. COMPLICATIONS
  295. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  296. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT
  297. TECHNIQUE
  298. COMPLICATIONS
  299. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  300. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT
  301. TECHNIQUE
  302. COMPLICATIONS
  303. CHAPTER 15: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Venous Access, Subclavian and Internal Jugular Veins
  304. OVERVIEW OF VENOUS DRAINAGE OF NECK
  305. SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
  306. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
  307. SECTION II: Basic Surgical Skills and Emerging Technology
  308. CHAPTER 16: Laparoscopic Suturing and Stapling
  309. BACKGROUND
  310. LAPAROSCOPIC SUTURING INSTRUMENTS
  311. LAPAROSCOPIC SUTURING TECHNIQUES
  312. Intracorporeal Suturing/Knot Tying
  313. Extracorporeal Suturing/Knot Tying
  314. Loop Ligature
  315. Additional Laparoscopic Suturing and Ligature Techniques
  316. LAPAROSCOPIC STAPLING
  317. Laparoscopic Linear Staplers
  318. Circular Staplers in Laparoscopy
  319. Surgical Stapler Buttress Materials
  320. Evidence for Surgical Stapling
  321. LAPAROSCOPIC SIMULATION AND TRAINING
  322. CONCLUSIONS
  323. CHAPTER 17: Ultrasonography by Surgeons
  324. INTRODUCTION
  325. INDICATIONS FOR INTRAOPERATIVE ULTRASOUND
  326. BASIC PHYSICS: THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
  327. INSTRUMENTATION
  328. Transducers (Probes)
  329. Open US Probes
  330. Laparoscopic US Probes
  331. Robotic US Probes
  332. Knobology
  333. Ultrasound Terminology
  334. SCANNING TECHNIQUES
  335. General Considerations
  336. Coupling
  337. Probe Placement
  338. Probe Movement/Manipulation
  339. OPEN ULTRASOUND
  340. Liver Scanning Method
  341. Biliary Scanning Method
  342. Pancreas Scanning Method
  343. LAPAROSCOPIC ULTRASOUND
  344. Liver Scanning Method
  345. Biliary Scanning Method
  346. Pancreas Scanning Method
  347. ROBOTIC ULTRASOUND
  348. ULTRASOUND-GUIDED PROCEDURES
  349. Targeting
  350. Ultrasound-Guided Procedure Planning
  351. Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Dissection
  352. TRAINING IN SURGICAL ULTRASOUND
  353. CONCLUSIONS
  354. CHAPTER 18: Tumor Ablation: Technologies and Clinical Applications
  355. INTRODUCTION
  356. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF TUMOR ABLATION
  357. Combination Therapy
  358. Immunologic Benefit
  359. TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR TUMOR ABLATION
  360. Chemical Ablation (Nonenergy)
  361. Energy-Based Ablation
  362. Irreversible Electrocorporation
  363. Cryoablation
  364. TUMOR ABLATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
  365. Liver
  366. Prostate
  367. Kidney
  368. Breast
  369. Other Uses
  370. CONCLUSIONS
  371. CHAPTER 19: Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
  372. INTRODUCTION
  373. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  374. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  375. Instrumentation
  376. Advanced Imaging in Endoscopy
  377. Technique of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
  378. Therapeutic Interventions During Upper Endoscopy
  379. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  380. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  381. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  382. Technique of Colonoscopy and Basic Colonoscopic Design
  383. Snares
  384. Advanced Techniques
  385. Submucosal Injection
  386. Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
  387. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
  388. Precut EMR and Hybrid ESD
  389. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  390. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  391. OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
  392. NOVEL ENDOLUMINAL PLATFORMS AND ENDOROBOTICS
  393. CONCLUSION
  394. Disclosures
  395. CHAPTER 20: Mastery Keys: Endoscopic Anatomy of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
  396. ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
  397. Pharynx
  398. Esophagus
  399. Stomach
  400. Duodenum
  401. ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
  402. Rectum and Anal Canal (Fig. 20.2A,B)
  403. Sigmoid Colon (Fig. 20.2C,D)
  404. Descending Colon
  405. Transverse Colon (Fig. 20.2E,F)
  406. Ascending Colon and Cecum (Fig. 20.2G–I)
  407. CHAPTER 21: Robotic Surgery
  408. INTRODUCTION
  409. HISTORY OF MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY
  410. MIS AND ROBOTICS
  411. ROBOTIC PLATFORMS AND EVOLUTION
  412. THE DA VINCI SURGICAL SYSTEM
  413. EQUIPMENT FUNDAMENTALS
  414. EDUCATION AND SKILL ACQUISITION
  415. LIMITATIONS
  416. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  417. Flexible Robotics
  418. Fluorescent Surgery
  419. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
  420. CONCLUSION
  421. CHAPTER 22: Surgical Energy
  422. INTRODUCTION
  423. TYPES OF ENERGY IN THE OPERATING ROOM
  424. Monopolar Radiofrequency Energy
  425. Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy
  426. Ultrasonic Energy
  427. Plasma Energy
  428. Lasers
  429. Microwave and Radiofrequency Energy Ablation
  430. THE EIGHT REPRODUCIBLE PATTERNS OF ELECTROSURGICAL INJURY
  431. Fires
  432. Antenna Coupling
  433. Insulation Failure
  434. Residual Heat
  435. Direct Application
  436. Interaction With Electronic Devices
  437. Direct Coupling
  438. Capacitive Coupling
  439. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  440. Endoscopy
  441. Pregnancy and Pediatric Surgery
  442. Surgical Smoke and Infectious Risk
  443. CONCLUSION
  444. CHAPTER 23: Telemedicine for Surgeons
  445. INTRODUCTION
  446. DEFINITION OF TELEMEDICINE
  447. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TELEMEDICINE
  448. ORIGINS OF TELEMEDICINE
  449. COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON TELEMEDICINE
  450. TECHNOLOGY BEHIND TELEMEDICINE
  451. THE VIRTUAL EXAMINATION
  452. CLINICAL LOGIC BEHIND SURGICAL TELEHEALTH
  453. USING TELEMEDICINE IN THE SURGICAL CARE CONTINUUM
  454. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TELEMEDICINE
  455. OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE
  456. SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE IN A SERVICE LINE
  457. COLLABORATIVE TELEMEDICINE OPPORTUNITIES AMONG SURGEONS AND OTHER SPECIALTIES
  458. CRAFTING OUR SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE FUTURE
  459. CONCLUSION
  460. CHAPTER 24: Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality
  461. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
  462. What Is Artificial Intelligence?
  463. Types of Artificial Intelligence
  464. Types of Learning
  465. Subfields of Artificial Intelligence
  466. Artificial Intelligence in Surgery
  467. Limitations of AI
  468. Ethical Considerations
  469. VIRTUAL REALITY
  470. What Is the Reality–Virtuality Continuum?
  471. Role of VR/AR in Training and Planning
  472. Role of VR/AR During Surgery
  473. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  474. CHAPTER 25: Telepresence Surgery
  475. INTRODUCTION
  476. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  477. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING OF THE WORLD’S FIRST TELESURGERY
  478. Technical Challenges
  479. Ethical and Medicolegal Aspects
  480. Preclinical Proof-of-Concept for Safe Clinical Use
  481. THE SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION LINDBERGH
  482. POSTOPERATIVE CARE/COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  483. POST-LINDBERGH DEVELOPMENT OF TELESURGERY
  484. New Technology for Democratized Telesurgery
  485. TELESURGERY BEYOND EARTH
  486. OUTLOOK
  487. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  488. CHAPTER 26: An Effective Approach to Mastering Communication in Surgery
  489. KEY PRINCIPLES IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
  490. COMMUNICATION ACROSS THE SURGICAL PATHWAY
  491. Effective Communication Critical to Patient Safety
  492. Structured Communication Tools
  493. TEAM COMMUNICATION
  494. CASE SCENARIOS
  495. Case #1
  496. Case #2
  497. Case #3
  498. TECHNIQUES ACROSS DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS
  499. Parting Thoughts
  500. CHAPTER 27: Fluorescence Imaging
  501. INTRODUCTION
  502. EQUIPMENT
  503. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE TECHNOLOGY
  504. Gastrointestinal Surgery
  505. Hepatobiliary Surgery
  506. Foregut Surgery
  507. Bariatric Surgery
  508. Colorectal Surgery
  509. Abdominal Wall Reconstruction/Plastic Surgery
  510. ENDOCRINE SURGERY
  511. Parathyroid Glands
  512. Adrenal
  513. Pancreas
  514. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE IDENTIFICATION
  515. LYMPHATIC SURGERY
  516. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS
  517. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  518. CONCLUSIONS
  519. CHAPTER 28: Video-Based Education
  520. THE TRIPLE PARADIGM SHIFT
  521. BASIC CONCEPTS, MODALITIES, AND SOURCES FOR LEARNING
  522. Video-Based Learning (VBL)
  523. Online Platforms: Virtual Repositories and Video Libraries
  524. Live Surgery
  525. Apps for Mobile Devices
  526. Video-Based Review (VBR) and Assessment (VBA)
  527. Video-Based Coaching (VBC)
  528. Telementoring
  529. Video Games
  530. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS, TOOLS AND REGULATION
  531. Telestration (Video 28.1)
  532. Recommendations for Online Audiovisual Resources
  533. EVALUATION METHODS SPECIFIC TO VBE
  534. Objective Scales
  535. Self-Assessment
  536. Limitations and New Directions in Objective Assessment
  537. RESULTS TO DATE
  538. DIFFICULTIES FOR ITS INCLUSION IN TRAINING PROGRAMS
  539. LIABILITY AND OTHER MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS
  540. FUTURE TRENDS IN NON–FACE-TO-FACE SURGICAL EDUCATION
  541. CHAPTER 29: Deferred Live Surgery
  542. INTRODUCTION
  543. HISTORY
  544. LIVE SURGERY
  545. Preoperative Concerns
  546. Intraoperative Concerns
  547. Postoperative Concerns
  548. Policies on Live Surgical Broadcasting
  549. Synchronized Deferred Live (dLIVE) Surgery
  550. CHAPTER 30: Integrated Operating Room
  551. INTRODUCTION
  552. REVOLUTION OF MIS SURGERY—EMERGENCY OF “ENDOLAPAROSCOPIC” CONCEPT
  553. DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SUITE
  554. Patient Care
  555. The Surgeon
  556. OT Staff
  557. FUTURE TRENDS OF MIS SUITE
  558. Robotic Surgery
  559. Navigational Surgery With Different Imaging Modalities
  560. Voice Recognition or System
  561. CHAPTER 31: Regenerative Medicine in Surgery
  562. INTRODUCTION
  563. COLORECTAL SURGERY
  564. SOLID ABDOMINAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
  565. INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN PATHOLOGY OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY
  566. ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY
  567. PLASTIC SURGERY
  568. LIMITATIONS OF CELL THERAPY
  569. CONCLUSION
  570. CHAPTER 32: Social Media as a Surgical Tool
  571. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL MEDIA FOR SURGERY
  572. THE SOCIOLOGIC BASIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
  573. HOW TO DETERMINE THE BEST PLATFORM FOR YOUR NEEDS
  574. Twitter
  575. Facebook
  576. LinkedIn
  577. Instagram
  578. YouTube
  579. TikTok
  580. Surgical Education Platforms
  581. Other Platforms
  582. CONNECTING AND ENGAGING WITH SURGEONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA
  583. MEASURING SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACT
  584. BENEFITS, RISKS, AND LIMITATIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
  585. SOCIAL MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
  586. SOCIAL MEDIA FOR SURGICAL RESEARCH
  587. CONCLUSION
  588. CHAPTER 33: Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy and Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy
  589. INTRODUCTION
  590. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  591. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  592. MULTIMODAL THERAPY, INDICATIONS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  593. Contraindications for HIPEC
  594. Contraindications for PIPAC
  595. Relative Contraindications
  596. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  597. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  598. Cytoreductive Surgery
  599. HIPEC
  600. PIPAC
  601. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  602. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  603. OUTCOMES
  604. Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma
  605. Appendiceal Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
  606. Colorectal
  607. Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer
  608. Gastric Cancer
  609. CONCLUSIONS
  610. SECTION III: Endocrine Surgery
  611. Part A: Thyroid
  612. CHAPTER 34: Indications for Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease
  613. INTRODUCTION
  614. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  615. Hyperfunctional Diseases
  616. Toxic Multinodular Goiter/Toxic Adenoma
  617. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
  618. Graves Disease
  619. Toxic Multinodular Goiter/Toxic Adenoma
  620. Hashimoto Thyroiditis
  621. Benign Multinodular Goiter
  622. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBSTERNAL DISEASE
  623. INTRODUCTION
  624. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma, and Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma)
  625. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
  626. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
  627. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  628. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma, and Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma)
  629. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
  630. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
  631. SURGICAL MANAGMENT
  632. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma, and Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma)
  633. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
  634. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
  635. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  636. Postoperative Hematoma
  637. Hypoparathyroidism
  638. Postoperative Hoarseness
  639. CHAPTER 35: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Thyroid Gland and Midline Neck Structures
  640. EXPOSURE
  641. THYROID GLAND
  642. VENOUS DRAINAGE
  643. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
  644. INNERVATION
  645. Lymph Nodes
  646. CHAPTER 36: Open Thyroidectomy
  647. INTRODUCTION
  648. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  649. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  650. PLANNING, POSITIONING, AND TOOLS
  651. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  652. Incision, Exposure of Thyroid, Including Separation of Strap Muscles and Thyroid and Medialization of the Thyroid Gland
  653. Exposure of the Pyramidal Lobe
  654. Exposure of Superior and Ligation of Superior Pole Vessels
  655. Medialization of the Thyroid, Identification of Parathyroid Glands, and Exposure of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
  656. Ligation of the Inferior Thyroid Vessels
  657. Fine Dissection Along the Laryngeal Nerve
  658. Ligation of the Ligament of Berry
  659. Completion and Division of the Isthmus
  660. Hemostasis and Autotransplantation of Parathyroid Glands If Necessary
  661. Closure
  662. Special Cases
  663. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  664. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  665. OUTCOMES
  666. CHAPTER 37: Neck Dissection for Thyroid Cancer
  667. INTRODUCTION
  668. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  669. Lateral Neck Dissection
  670. Central Neck Dissection
  671. CONCLUSIONS
  672. CHAPTER 38: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Neck Dissection
  673. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF NECK
  674. ANATOMY OF NECK
  675. Superficial Fascia of Neck (Figs. 38.1, 38.2, and 38.3)
  676. Deep Fascia of Neck (Fig. 38.2A)
  677. Triangles of Neck (Fig. 38.2B)
  678. Part B: Parathyroid
  679. CHAPTER 39: Primary Hyperparathyroidism
  680. INTRODUCTION
  681. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  682. Resorption of Bone
  683. Reabsorption in the Kidney
  684. Absorption in the Intestine
  685. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  686. DIAGNOSIS
  687. RESPONSE TO SURGERY
  688. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  689. IMAGING
  690. Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasonography
  691. Parathyroid Scintigraphy
  692. 4D-CT
  693. MRI, PET, and Invasive Tests
  694. SURGICAL STRATEGY AND PRINCIPLES
  695. Adjuncts
  696. FAILURE AND OTHER SURGICAL RISKS
  697. Cure and Failure
  698. Hypoparathyroidism
  699. Hoarseness/Nerve Injury
  700. Hematoma
  701. Rare Complications
  702. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  703. Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
  704. Familial PHPT
  705. Reoperative Parathyroid Surgery
  706. CHAPTER 40: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Parathyroid Glands
  707. SUPERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS
  708. INFERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS
  709. CHAPTER 41: Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy
  710. INTRODUCTION
  711. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  712. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  713. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND ADJUNCTS
  714. Anesthesia and Patient Positioning
  715. Surgical Approaches
  716. Intraoperative Adjuncts to Identify Parathyroid Tissue
  717. Confirmation of Excision of Hyperfunctional Parathyroid Tissue
  718. CHALLENGING SITUATIONS
  719. Intraoperative Troubleshooting
  720. Failure of Adequate 10-Minute Intraoperative PTH Drop
  721. Conversion to Unilateral or Bilateral Cervical Exploration
  722. Concomitant Thyroid Disease
  723. Reoperative Parathyroidectomy
  724. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  725. OUTCOMES
  726. CHAPTER 42: Standard Cervical Exploration for Primary Hyperparathyroidism
  727. INTRODUCTION
  728. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  729. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  730. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  731. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  732. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  733. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  734. Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring
  735. Intraoperative PTH Monitoring
  736. Parathyroid Identification
  737. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  738. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  739. OUTCOMES
  740. CHAPTER 43: Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism as a Consequence of End-Stage Renal Disease
  741. INTRODUCTION
  742. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  743. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  744. MULTIMODAL THERAPY/MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
  745. Phosphate Binders
  746. Vitamin D Receptor Activators (VDRAs)
  747. Calcimimetics
  748. INDICATIONS FOR PARATHYROIDECTOMY
  749. Preoperative Planning
  750. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/EXTENT OF SURGERY
  751. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TECHNIQUE OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH SHPT AND THPT
  752. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  753. Complications/Management
  754. Outcomes
  755. CHAPTER 44: Parathyroid Carcinoma
  756. INTRODUCTION
  757. EPIDEMIOLOGY
  758. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  759. Molecular Pathogenesis
  760. Germline Predisposition
  761. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  762. Preoperative Suspicion of PC and Clinical Manifestations
  763. Histologic Features and Immunohistochemical Panel
  764. Atypical Presentations
  765. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  766. Control of Hypercalcemic Crisis
  767. Role of Adjuvant Radiotherapy
  768. Medical Management of Metastatic PC
  769. Role of Immunotherapy and Target Therapy
  770. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  771. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  772. Imaging Assessment
  773. Imaging
  774. Staging (American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control)
  775. Other Considerations for Preoperative Preparation
  776. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  777. Primary PC Tumor Resection
  778. Lymph Node Dissection: Central and Radical
  779. SPECIAL SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  780. Margins
  781. Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in PC
  782. Parathyroid Tissue Confirmation
  783. Recurrences and Metastatic Disease
  784. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  785. Short-Term Follow-Up
  786. Long-Term Follow-Up
  787. OUTCOMES
  788. Prognostics Factors
  789. CONCLUSIONS
  790. Part C: Adrenal
  791. CHAPTER 45: Work Up of Adrenal Masses and Preoperative Management of Functional Adrenal Tumors
  792. INTRODUCTION
  793. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  794. DIAGNOSIS/PRESENTATION
  795. ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
  796. BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION
  797. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  798. IMAGING
  799. TUMOR SIZE
  800. SPECIFIC ADRENAL TUMORS
  801. Aldosteronoma
  802. Cortisol-Producing Adenoma
  803. Pheochromocytoma
  804. Indications and Contraindications
  805. GENETIC COUNSELING
  806. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  807. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  808. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  809. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  810. OUTCOMES
  811. CHAPTER 46: Minimally Invasive Adrenalectomy (Laparoscopic and Retroperitoneoscopic)
  812. INTRODUCTION
  813. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  814. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  815. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  816. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  817. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  818. General Preparation and Positioning for TLA
  819. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  820. Technique for Transabdominal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
  821. Additional Technical Considerations During TLA
  822. Surgical Technique for Posterior Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
  823. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  824. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  825. OUTCOMES
  826. CHAPTER 47: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Adrenal Glands
  827. LEFT ADRENAL GLAND (FIGS. 47.4 TO 47.6)
  828. Blood Supply
  829. RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND (FIGS. 47.4 TO 47.6)
  830. Blood Supply
  831. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF LEFT AND RIGHT ADRENAL GLANDS
  832. CHAPTER 48: Robotic Adrenalectomy
  833. INTRODUCTION
  834. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  835. Patient Positioning and Set-Up
  836. Right Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
  837. Left Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
  838. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  839. Right versus Left Robotic Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
  840. COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES BETWEEN ROBOTIC AND LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY
  841. CHAPTER 49: Open Adrenalectomy
  842. INTRODUCTION
  843. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  844. Disease-Specific Decision Making
  845. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  846. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  847. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  848. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  849. Open Surgical Approaches to the Adrenal Gland
  850. Open Anterior Transabdominal
  851. Open Flank—Transabdominal and Retroperitoneal
  852. Open Posterior (Lumbotomy)
  853. Thoracoabdominal Approach
  854. Disease-Specific Considerations and Decision for Extent of Adrenalectomy
  855. Bilateral Adrenalectomy
  856. Partial Adrenalectomy
  857. Disease-Specific Intraoperative Considerations
  858. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  859. Pheochromocytoma
  860. Primary Aldosteronism
  861. Hypercortisolism
  862. Adrenocortical Carcinoma
  863. Bilateral Adrenalectomy
  864. Nelson Syndrome
  865. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  866. Complications Associated With Operative Approach
  867. Intraoperative Complications
  868. Postoperative Complications
  869. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
  870. Adrenalectomy in Pregnancy
  871. Adrenalectomy in the Pediatric Population
  872. OUTCOMES
  873. Long-Term Follow-Up
  874. SECTION IV: Breast
  875. CHAPTER 50: Mastery of Benign Disease and Breast Pain
  876. INTRODUCTION
  877. PERCUTANEOUS CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY AND CONCORDANCE
  878. BENIGN BREAST LESIONS—HISTOPATHOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AFTER CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY, AND LONG-TERM RISKS FOR BREAST CANCER DEVELOPMENT
  879. Nonproliferative Disease
  880. FAT NECROSIS
  881. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NONPROLIFERATIVE LESIONS (Table 50.1)
  882. Proliferative Disease Without Atypia
  883. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS WITHOUT ATYPIA (Table 50.1)
  884. Atypical Lesions (Papillomas, Hyperplasias, Classic Lobular Carcinoma in Situ)
  885. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATYPICAL LESIONS (Table 50.1)
  886. Risk Reduction Strategies
  887. Summary of Benign Breast Disease
  888. Breast Pain
  889. CHAPTER 51: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Breast
  890. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF BREAST (Fig. 51.2A,B)
  891. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BREAST (Fig. 51.2C)
  892. Arterial Supply
  893. Venous Drainage
  894. NIPPLE–AREOLAR COMPLEX (Fig. 51.1)
  895. INNERVATION
  896. BLOOD SUPPLY OF NIPPLE AREOLAR COMPLEX (Fig. 51.2C)
  897. MALE BREAST
  898. CHAPTER 52: Diagnostic Approach to Breast Abnormalities
  899. INTRODUCTION
  900. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  901. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SCREENING
  902. MULTIMODALITY IMAGING
  903. Mammography
  904. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT)
  905. Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM)
  906. Breast Ultrasound
  907. Breast MRI
  908. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  909. Image-Guided Breast Procedures
  910. POSTOPERATIVE BIOPSY CARE
  911. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  912. OUTCOMES
  913. CHAPTER 53: Breast-Conserving Therapy
  914. INTRODUCTION
  915. Margins
  916. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  917. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  918. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  919. Incision Placement
  920. Surgical Dissection
  921. Closure
  922. Breast-Conserving Surgery Following Neoadjuvant Therapy
  923. Oncoplastic Surgery
  924. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  925. Indications for Re-Excision
  926. Surveillance
  927. COMPLICATIONS
  928. OUTCOMES
  929. Management of Local Recurrence After BCT
  930. SUMMARY
  931. CHAPTER 54: Postoperative Radiation Treatment for Management of Breast Cancer
  932. INTRODUCTION
  933. INDICATIONS
  934. RADIATION PLANNING
  935. RADIATION TECHNIQUES
  936. Whole Breast Irradiation
  937. Indications and Recommendations
  938. PARTIAL BREAST IRRADIATION
  939. Rationale and Background
  940. Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation
  941. Multicatheter Brachytherapy APBI
  942. Single Entry Device Brachytherapy ABPI
  943. 3DCRT and IMRT APBI
  944. Indications and Recommendations
  945. Intraoperative Partial Breast Irradiation
  946. Electron IORT
  947. kV IORT
  948. Indications and Recommendations
  949. Complications
  950. CONCLUSIONS
  951. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  952. CHAPTER 55: Ablative Techniques for Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors
  953. INTRODUCTION
  954. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  955. PREABLATION PLANNING
  956. ABLATIVE TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES
  957. RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
  958. OUTCOMES
  959. CRYOABLATION
  960. OUTCOMES
  961. INTERSTITIAL LASER THERAPY
  962. OUTCOMES
  963. MICROWAVE ABLATION
  964. OUTCOMES
  965. HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ABLATION
  966. OUTCOMES
  967. IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION
  968. OUTCOMES
  969. SUMMARY
  970. CHAPTER 56: Treatment of the Axilla
  971. INTRODUCTION
  972. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  973. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  974. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  975. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  976. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  977. Evaluation
  978. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  979. Positioning
  980. Incision Planning
  981. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
  982. Axillary Lymph Node Dissection
  983. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  984. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  985. OUTCOMES
  986. Long-Term Follow-Up
  987. Novel Techniques and Future Directions
  988. Axillary Reverse Mapping
  989. Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction
  990. De-escalation of Surgery
  991. CHAPTER 57: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Axilla and Pectoral Region
  992. AXILLA
  993. REGIONAL FASCIA
  994. Pectoral Fascia (Fig. 57.2A)
  995. Clavipectoral Fascia (Fig. 57.2B)
  996. MUSCLES
  997. Pectoralis Major Muscle (Fig. 57.2A)
  998. Pectoralis Minor Muscle (Figs. 57.1A and 57.3)
  999. Latissimus Dorsi (Figs. 57.1A and 57.4)
  1000. Serratus Anterior (Figs. 57.1A, 57.2A, and 57.4)
  1001. NERVES
  1002. Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves (Fig. 57.3)
  1003. Long Thoracic Nerve (Figs. 57.1A, 57.3, and 57.4)
  1004. Thoracodorsal Nerve (Figs. 57.3 and 57.4)
  1005. Intercostobrachial Nerve (Fig. 57.1A)
  1006. ARTERIES AND VEINS
  1007. Axillary Artery (Figs. 57.3 and 57.4)
  1008. Axillary Vein (Figs. 57.1A, 57.3, and 57.5A)
  1009. LYMPH NODES (Fig. 57.5)
  1010. Groups of Lymph Nodes
  1011. CHAPTER 58: Lymphedema—Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment
  1012. INTRODUCTION
  1013. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1014. Incidence
  1015. RISK FACTORS
  1016. DIAGNOSING LYMPHEDEMA
  1017. STAGING AND EARLY DETECTION
  1018. PREVENTION
  1019. Prediction
  1020. Clinical Trials
  1021. Surgery
  1022. TREATMENT
  1023. Complex Decongestive Therapy
  1024. Exercise
  1025. Surgery
  1026. CHAPTER 59: Simple, Modified, and Radical Mastectomy
  1027. INTRODUCTION
  1028. INDICATIONS
  1029. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1030. Preoperative Workup
  1031. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: SIMPLE (TOTAL) MASTECTOMY
  1032. Positioning
  1033. Incision
  1034. Boundaries of Mastectomy
  1035. Flap Elevation and Parenchymal Dissection
  1036. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY
  1037. Positioning
  1038. Surgical Technique
  1039. Axillary Lymph Node Dissection
  1040. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: RADICAL MASTECTOMY
  1041. Technique
  1042. MARGINS AFTER MASTECTOMY
  1043. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  1044. Drain Management
  1045. Complications
  1046. CHAPTER 60: Oncoplastic Techniques for Breast Cancer
  1047. INTRODUCTION
  1048. CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNIQUES
  1049. Volume Replacement Techniques
  1050. Volume Replacement Techniques
  1051. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF PATIENTS
  1052. Selection of Patients
  1053. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1054. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1055. Volume Displacement Techniques: Level I
  1056. Volume Displacement Techniques: Level II
  1057. Symmetrization
  1058. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1059. Complications/Management
  1060. OUTCOMES
  1061. Oncologic
  1062. Patient Reported Outcomes
  1063. TRAINING IN OPS
  1064. CONCLUSION
  1065. CHAPTER 61: Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy
  1066. INTRODUCTION
  1067. INDICATIONS
  1068. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1069. Definition of the Mastectomy Deformity
  1070. PARTIAL MASTECTOMY/LUMPECTOMY
  1071. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  1072. TISSUE EXPANSION/IMPLANTS
  1073. RECONSTRUCTION WITH ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX
  1074. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR TISSUE EXPANDER/ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX
  1075. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF MYOCUTANEOUS FLAPS
  1076. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE LATISSIMUS FLAP
  1077. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE THORACOEPIGASTRIC FLAP
  1078. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE TRANSVERSE RECTUS ABDOMINIS MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP
  1079. ONCOPLASTIC SURGERY
  1080. RECONSTRUCTION WITH FAT GRAFTING
  1081. CONTRALATERAL BREAST CONSIDERATIONS
  1082. REDUCTION MAMMAPLASTY AND MASTOPEXY SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1083. NIPPLE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
  1084. COMPLICATIONS
  1085. Reconstruction Postradiation
  1086. TIMING OF BREAST RECONSTRUCTION
  1087. CONCLUSIONS
  1088. CHAPTER 62: Salvage Surgery for Recurrent/Advanced Carcinoma of the Breast
  1089. INTRODUCTION
  1090. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1091. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1092. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1093. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  1094. General Principles
  1095. Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrences
  1096. Chest Wall Recurrences
  1097. Nodal Recurrences
  1098. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1099. COMPLICATIONS
  1100. OUTCOMES
  1101. CONCLUSION
  1102. CHAPTER 63: Clinical Trials and Follow-up in Breast Cancer
  1103. INTRODUCTION
  1104. BREAST SURGERY
  1105. NSABP B-04: Radical Mastectomy versus Total Mastectomy
  1106. NSABP B-06: Mastectomy versus Breast-Conserving Surgery (BCS)
  1107. MILAN I: Radical mastectomy versus BCT
  1108. MARGINS
  1109. Margin Guideline Meta-Analysis and Consensus for Invasive and Mixed Cancer Subtypes
  1110. SHAVE trial
  1111. RADIATION TRIALS
  1112. EBCTCG 1081: Meta-Analysis of BCS with and Without RT
  1113. NCIC CTG MA.20: Adding Regional Nodal Irradiation to Whole Breast RT
  1114. CALGB 9343: Omission of Radiation for cT1 N0, ER+, >70 Years Old
  1115. PRIME II: Omission of Radiation for cT1-2 N0 ER +>65 Years Old
  1116. Partial Breast RT: TARGIT-A, ELIOT
  1117. NONINVASIVE (DCIS) BREAST CANCER
  1118. NSABP B-17, B-24, B-35: BCT for Patients with DCIS
  1119. EORTC 10853
  1120. ECOG-ACRIN E5194
  1121. Margin Guideline Meta-Analysis and Consensus for Noninvasive Breast Cancer
  1122. Future Directions (COMET, LORIS, LORD): Active Surveillance for Low-Risk DCIS
  1123. AXILLARY SURGERY
  1124. NSABP B-32: Safety of SLNB
  1125. ACOSOG Z0010: Safety of SLNB and Risk Factors for Regional Nodal Recurrences
  1126. ALMANAC: SLNB versus ALND on Arm Mobility and Quality of Life
  1127. SNAC: SLNB Reduces Arm Morbidity
  1128. IBCSG 23.01: Omission of ALND in Patients with Micrometastasis
  1129. ACOSOG Z0011: Omission of ALND in Patients with 1 to 2 Positive Nodes After SLNB
  1130. EORTC 10981 to 22023 AMAROS: ALND versus RT in Patients with Clinical N0 That are Found to be N+
  1131. SENTINA: Timing of SLNB in Relation to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
  1132. ACOSOG Z1071: SLNB Following NAC in cN+ Patients
  1133. Targeted Axillary Dissection (TAD)
  1134. SN FNAC: Using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Reduces FNR
  1135. A11202: Noninferiority Trial Comparing RT to Surgery in N+ Patients After NAC
  1136. A221702: Axillary Reverse Mapping (ARM) Procedure to Prevent Lymphedema
  1137. SentiNot: Preoperative Injection of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles for Patients with DCIS Who May Benefit From Delayed Axillary Evaluation
  1138. SYSTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  1139. NSABP B-14, NSABP B-21: Introduction of Tamoxifen
  1140. TUMOR GENOMICS
  1141. Oncotype DX
  1142. TAILORx
  1143. RxPONDER
  1144. CONCLUSION
  1145. CHAPTER 64: Management of Breast Cancer in Special Presentations
  1146. INTRODUCTION
  1147. BREAST CANCER IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
  1148. BREAST CANCER IN MEN
  1149. AXILLARY LYMPHADENOPATHY WITH UNKNOWN PRIMARY
  1150. INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER
  1151. METAPLASTIC BREAST CANCER
  1152. PAGET’S DISEASE
  1153. BILATERAL BREAST CANCER
  1154. BREAST SARCOMA/ANGIOSARCOMA
  1155. PHYLLODES TUMORS
  1156. CHAPTER 65: Quality Measure and Outcomes in Breast Cancer
  1157. INTRODUCTION
  1158. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (ASCO)
  1159. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS NATIONAL SURGICAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT DATABASE PROGRAM
  1160. COMMISSION ON CANCER
  1161. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS AND COMMISSION ON CANCER OPERATIVE STANDARDS AND SYNOPTIC OPERATIVE REPORTING
  1162. CONCLUSION
  1163. CHAPTER 66: Molecular Staging and Its Implication in Treating Breast Cancer
  1164. INTRODUCTION
  1165. STAGING OF BREAST CANCER–DEFINING PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
  1166. LIMITATIONS OF ANATOMIC BREAST CANCER STAGING
  1167. BREAST CANCER AS A FAMILY OF SEPARATE CANCER TYPES
  1168. BREAST CANCER SUBTYPES
  1169. INCORPORATION OF MOLECULAR/NONANATOMIC FACTORS IN CANCER STAGING
  1170. PROGNOSTIC STAGING: THE AJCC APPROACH TO TNM STAGING
  1171. OTHER KEY ISSUES WITH PROGNOSTIC STAGING
  1172. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  1173. SECTION V: Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors
  1174. Part A: Cutaneous Lesions
  1175. CHAPTER 67: Workup of Suspicious Cutaneous Lesions to Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors
  1176. INTRODUCTION
  1177. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1178. Clinical Presentation/History
  1179. Physical Exam
  1180. Diagnostic Evaluation
  1181. Punch Biopsy
  1182. Shave Biopsy
  1183. Excisional Biopsies
  1184. Incisional Biopsy
  1185. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
  1186. Core Needle Biopsy (CNB)
  1187. Next Steps After Tissue Diagnosis
  1188. CHAPTER 68: Malignant Melanoma
  1189. INTRODUCTION
  1190. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1191. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1192. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—SURGERY
  1193. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR STAGE II AND III MELANOMA
  1194. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—NEOADJUVANT THERAPY FOR STAGE III AND IV MELANOMA
  1195. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR STAGE III AND IV MELANOMA
  1196. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—REGIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR IN-TRANSIT DISEASE
  1197. OUTCOMES AND SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  1198. MELANOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY
  1199. MELANOMA ARISING IN PREGNANCY
  1200. DESMOPLASTIC MELANOMA
  1201. HEAD AND NECK MELANOMA INCLUDING LENTIGO MALIGNA
  1202. HAND AND FOOT MELANOMA
  1203. PEDIATRIC MELANOMA AND ATYPICAL SPITZOID TUMORS
  1204. ANAL MELANOMA
  1205. CHAPTER 69: Merkel Cell Cancer
  1206. INTRODUCTION
  1207. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1208. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1209. Staging
  1210. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1211. ADJUVANT AND NEOADJUVANT OPTIONS
  1212. Adjuvant Radiation
  1213. Immunotherapy
  1214. Adjuvant
  1215. Neoadjuvant
  1216. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1217. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1218. Wide Local Excision
  1219. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
  1220. Therapeutic Lymph Node Dissection
  1221. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1222. OUTCOMES
  1223. CHAPTER 70: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  1224. INTRODUCTION
  1225. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  1226. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1227. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1228. TREATMENT
  1229. Localized Disease
  1230. LOCAL TUMOR DESTRUCTION
  1231. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1232. Conventional Excision and Management of the Nodal Basin
  1233. Total Margin-Controlled Excision (TMCE)/Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS)
  1234. Primary Radiation Therapy (RT)
  1235. ADVANCED DISEASE
  1236. Management of Regional/Systemic Disease
  1237. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1238. Surgery
  1239. Radiation
  1240. Systemic Therapy
  1241. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1242. OUTCOMES
  1243. CHAPTER 71: Basal Cell Carcinoma
  1244. INTRODUCTION
  1245. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1246. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1247. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1248. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1249. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1250. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1251. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1252. OUTCOMES
  1253. Part B: Soft Tissue Sarcomas
  1254. CHAPTER 72: Extremity Sarcomas
  1255. INTRODUCTION
  1256. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1257. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1258. Confirming the Diagnosis
  1259. Staging
  1260. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1261. Radiation Therapy for High-Grade Tumors
  1262. Preoperative versus Postoperative Radiation
  1263. Radiation Therapy for Low-Grade Tumors
  1264. Chemotherapy
  1265. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1266. Surgery
  1267. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1268. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1269. Surgical Treatment of Locoregional Disease
  1270. Surgery After an Unplanned Excision
  1271. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1272. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1273. OUTCOMES
  1274. Local Recurrence
  1275. Metastatic Disease
  1276. CHAPTER 73: Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
  1277. INTRODUCTION
  1278. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1279. Genetic Syndromes
  1280. Radiation Exposure
  1281. Histology
  1282. Specific Sarcoma Histologies and Associated Mutations and Translocations
  1283. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS
  1284. Presentation
  1285. Diagnosis
  1286. Staging
  1287. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1288. Neoadjuvant Therapy
  1289. Adjuvant Therapy
  1290. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1291. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1292. Extent of Resection
  1293. Preoperative Optimization
  1294. Multidisciplinary Surgical Team
  1295. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1296. Margin Status
  1297. Vascular Resection
  1298. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1299. Acute Postoperative Care
  1300. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1301. Complications
  1302. Surveillance
  1303. OUTCOMES
  1304. Survival
  1305. Local Recurrence
  1306. Distant Recurrence
  1307. SUMMARY
  1308. Part C: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
  1309. CHAPTER 74: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors
  1310. INTRODUCTION
  1311. HEALING BY SECONDARY INTENT
  1312. PRIMARY CLOSURE
  1313. SKIN GRAFTS
  1314. Split-Thickness Skin Graft
  1315. Full-Thickness Skin Graft
  1316. SKIN SUBSTITUTES
  1317. FLAPS
  1318. Local Flaps
  1319. Axial Flaps
  1320. Perforator Flaps
  1321. Regional Flaps
  1322. Free Flaps
  1323. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1324. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1325. OUTCOMES
  1326. Part D: Lymph Node Dissections
  1327. CHAPTER 75: Management of the Inguinal Lymph Node Basin for Melanoma
  1328. INTRODUCTION
  1329. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY
  1330. COMPLETION INGUINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
  1331. THERAPEUTIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
  1332. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1333. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1334. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1335. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1336. OUTCOMES
  1337. LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
  1338. CHAPTER 76: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection
  1339. SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL NODES (Fig. 76.1)
  1340. DEEP INGUINAL NODES (FIGS. 76.1 AND 76.2B)
  1341. Relationships of Lymph Nodes to Surrounding Structures
  1342. SECTION VI: CHEST WALL, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG, AND MEDIASTINUM
  1343. CHAPTER 77: Airway Procedures
  1344. INTRODUCTION
  1345. BASIC PRINCIPLES
  1346. THE SCOPES
  1347. Rigid Bronchoscope
  1348. Flexible Bronchoscope
  1349. Linear Endobronchial Ultrasound (CP-EBUS)
  1350. Combination
  1351. EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
  1352. Forceps
  1353. Brush
  1354. Needle
  1355. Radial Probe Endobronchial Ultrasound (RP-EBUS)
  1356. Airway Balloon
  1357. Basket
  1358. Bronchial Blocker
  1359. Endobronchial Valves
  1360. Thermal Airway Treatment
  1361. Cryotherapy
  1362. Brachytherapy
  1363. Phototherapy
  1364. AIRWAY PROCEDURES
  1365. Airway Stent
  1366. Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Guided by Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS-TBNA)
  1367. Foreign Body Removal
  1368. Airway Dilation
  1369. Tumor Debulking
  1370. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
  1371. Thin CP-EBUS/Next-Generation CP-EBUS
  1372. Navigational Bronchoscopy
  1373. Robotic-Assisted Bronchoscopy
  1374. CHAPTER 78: Mastery Keys: Bronchoscopic Anatomy of Tracheobronchial Tree
  1375. Right Bronchial Tree (Fig. 78.2)
  1376. Left Bronchial Tree (Fig. 78.2)
  1377. Bronchopulmonary Segments (Fig. 78.2)
  1378. CHAPTER 79: Resection and Reconstruction of the Trachea
  1379. INTRODUCTION
  1380. ETIOLOGY
  1381. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1382. INDICATIONS FOR TRACHEAL SURGERY
  1383. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1384. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1385. Basic Principles
  1386. Anesthesia
  1387. Anterior Cervical Approach
  1388. Transthoracic Approach
  1389. Carinal Resection
  1390. Laryngotracheal Resection in Benign Stenosis
  1391. Laryngotracheal Resection for Tumor
  1392. Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  1393. Reoperative Tracheal Surgery
  1394. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1395. COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEAL RESECTIONS
  1396. OUTCOMES
  1397. CHAPTER 80: Chest Wall Resection and Reconstruction
  1398. INTRODUCTION
  1399. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1400. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1401. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1402. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BONY CHEST WALL
  1403. General Considerations
  1404. Principles Governing the Use of Prosthetic Materials
  1405. Synthetic Materials
  1406. Biologic Materials
  1407. Technical Details Related to the Location of the Chest Wall Resection
  1408. COMPLICATIONS OF BONY CHEST WALL RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  1409. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION
  1410. General Principles
  1411. Planning of Soft Tissue Reconstruction
  1412. Surgical Technique Related to the Location of Chest Wall Reconstruction
  1413. COMPLICATIONS OF SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  1414. OUTCOMES
  1415. CHAPTER 81: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Chest Wall
  1416. SKELETON OF THORACIC WALL (Fig. 81.1)
  1417. INTRINSIC MUSCULATURE (Fig. 81.2)
  1418. EXTRINSIC MUSCULATURE (FIGS. 81.3 TO 81.5)
  1419. NERVES OF THORACIC WALL (Fig. 81.6)
  1420. VASCULATURE OF THORAX (FIGS. 81.2, 81.6, AND 81.7)
  1421. DIAPHRAGM (Fig. 81.8)
  1422. CHAPTER 82: Pulmonary Resection
  1423. INTRODUCTION
  1424. History of Pulmonary Resection for Lung Cancer
  1425. Future of “Minimally Invasive Surgery”
  1426. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1427. Thoracotomy
  1428. Pulmonary Resection Procedures
  1429. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
  1430. CHAPTER 83: Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Resection
  1431. INTRODUCTION
  1432. History
  1433. Current Prevalence
  1434. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1435. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1436. Instrumentation
  1437. Anesthesia
  1438. Positioning
  1439. Port-Site Placement
  1440. Procedure
  1441. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1442. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1443. OUTCOMES
  1444. Disparities in VATS
  1445. CHAPTER 84: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Lungs
  1446. CHAPTER 85: Robotic-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Resection
  1447. INTRODUCTION
  1448. Adoption and Learning Curve
  1449. Robotic Platform and Instruments
  1450. Principles of Robot-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
  1451. INDICATIONS
  1452. CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1453. PREOPERATIVE AND INTRAOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1454. Preoperative Planning
  1455. Intraoperative Set Up
  1456. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1457. Robotic Lobectomy
  1458. Robotic Segmentectomy
  1459. Upper Lobe Segmentectomy
  1460. Lower Lobe Segmentectomy
  1461. Superior Segmentectomy (S6)
  1462. Basilar Segmentectomy (S7–10)
  1463. Advanced Lung Cancer Resections: Sleeve Lobectomy and Bronchoplasty/Chest Wall
  1464. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1465. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1466. OUTCOMES
  1467. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  1468. CONCLUSION
  1469. CHAPTER 86: Open Procedures for Esophagectomy
  1470. INTRODUCTION
  1471. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1472. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1473. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1474. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1475. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1476. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1477. Ivor Lewis Esophagogastrectomy
  1478. McKeown Esophagogastrectomy
  1479. Esophagogastrectomy via Left Thoracoabdominal Incision
  1480. Colon Interposition for Esophageal Reconstruction
  1481. Additional Procedures for Esophageal Reconstruction
  1482. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1483. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1484. OUTCOMES AND FOLLOW-UP
  1485. CHAPTER 87: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Thoracic and Abdominal Esophagus
  1486. ARTERIAL SUPPLY (Fig. 87.3)
  1487. VENOUS DRAINAGE
  1488. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 87.1B)
  1489. INNERVATION (Fig. 87.2B)
  1490. CHAPTER 88: Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
  1491. INTRODUCTION
  1492. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
  1493. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  1494. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1495. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1496. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1497. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1498. Anesthesia Considerations
  1499. Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy
  1500. Thoracic Phase
  1501. Anastomosis
  1502. Completion
  1503. Minimally Invasive McKeown Esophagectomy
  1504. Lymph Node Harvest
  1505. Postoperative Care
  1506. Complications/Management
  1507. Outcomes
  1508. CHAPTER 89: Esophageal Cancer: Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
  1509. INTRODUCTION
  1510. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1511. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1512. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1513. Laparoscopy
  1514. Thoracoscopy
  1515. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1516. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1517. Conduit-Airway Fistula
  1518. Bleeding
  1519. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury
  1520. Paraconduit Hernia
  1521. OUTCOMES
  1522. Operative Outcomes
  1523. Quality of Life Outcomes
  1524. Comparison With Other Approaches
  1525. Learning Curve
  1526. CHAPTER 90: Transhiatal Esophagectomy
  1527. INTRODUCTION
  1528. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1529. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1530. PATIENT SELECTION AND PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
  1531. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1532. Abdominal Phase
  1533. Cervical Phase
  1534. Mediastinal (Transhiatal) Dissection
  1535. Cervical Esophagogastric Anastomosis
  1536. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1537. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  1538. Mediastinal Bleeding
  1539. Tracheal Injury
  1540. OUTCOMES
  1541. CHAPTER 91: The Management of Pleural Disease
  1542. ANATOMY
  1543. Function of the Pleura
  1544. PLEURAL EFFUSION
  1545. DIAGNOSIS
  1546. Pleural Fluid Analysis
  1547. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1548. Surgical Pleurodesis Technique
  1549. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1550. Re-Expansion Pulmonary Edema
  1551. Hepatic Hydrothorax
  1552. Chylothorax
  1553. Empyema
  1554. Hemothorax
  1555. PNEUMOTHORAX
  1556. PRIMARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
  1557. Treatment of PSP
  1558. SECONDARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
  1559. Treatment of SSP
  1560. TRAUMATIC PNEUMOTHORAX
  1561. TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
  1562. Special Circumstances
  1563. PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
  1564. PATHOGENESIS
  1565. HISTOLOGY
  1566. EPIDEMIOLOGY
  1567. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1568. Physical Examination
  1569. Imaging
  1570. Diagnosis
  1571. TREATMENT
  1572. Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
  1573. CHAPTER 92: Management of Mediastinal Masses
  1574. INTRODUCTION
  1575. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  1576. Imaging
  1577. Laboratory Studies
  1578. Role for Biopsy
  1579. Operative and Anesthetic Considerations
  1580. ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES
  1581. Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms
  1582. Germ Cell Tumors
  1583. Lymphomas
  1584. Thyroid and Endocrine Lesions
  1585. Middle Mediastinal Masses
  1586. Posterior Mediastinal Masses
  1587. CHAPTER 93: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Mediastinum (Noncardiac)
  1588. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM (Fig. 93.2)
  1589. GREAT VESSELS (FIGS. 93.2, 93.3 AND 93.6)
  1590. Nerves (Figs. 93.3, 93.4, and 93.8)
  1591. Trachea (Fig. 93.4)
  1592. Esophagus (Fig. 93.2)
  1593. ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM (Fig. 93.1)
  1594. Thymus (Fig. 93.3A)
  1595. MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM (FIGS. 93.3 AND 93.5)
  1596. POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
  1597. Thoracic Aorta (Figs. 93.2, 93.4, and 93.6)
  1598. Esophagus (Figs. 93.2 and 93.6B)
  1599. Azygos System of Veins (Figs. 93.6 and 93.7)
  1600. Thoracic Duct (Fig. 93.7)
  1601. Lymph Nodes of Mediastinum (Fig. 93.8)
  1602. Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk (Fig. 93.9)
  1603. SECTION VII: BENIGN FOREGUT AND STOMACH
  1604. Part A: The Esophagus
  1605. CHAPTER 94: Minimally Invasive Antireflux Surgery—Fundoplication
  1606. INTRODUCTION
  1607. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1608. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1609. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1610. Medical
  1611. Surgical
  1612. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1613. A Note on Barrett Esophagus
  1614. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1615. Anatomic Assessment
  1616. Functional Assessment
  1617. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1618. Basic Tenets of Antireflux Surgery
  1619. Choice of Approach
  1620. Technical Principles of Fundoplication
  1621. Informed Consent
  1622. Patient Positioning and Equipment
  1623. Abdominal Access and Port Placement
  1624. Initial Dissection
  1625. Fundoplication
  1626. Port Removal and Closure
  1627. Minimally Invasive Partial Fundoplication
  1628. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1629. Pain Control
  1630. Mobilization
  1631. Oral Intake
  1632. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1633. OUTCOMES
  1634. CHAPTER 95: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Diaphragm
  1635. CHAPTER 96: Minimally Invasive Paraesophageal Hernia Repair
  1636. INTRODUCTION
  1637. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1638. DIAGNOSIS
  1639. INDICATION FOR TREATMENT
  1640. PRINCIPLES OF REPAIR
  1641. SURGICAL ANATOMY
  1642. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1643. Preparation and Positioning
  1644. Incisions and Exposure
  1645. Hernia Sac Reduction and Crural Dissection
  1646. Assessing Esophageal Length
  1647. Crural Closure
  1648. Assessing for Tension and Relaxing Incisions
  1649. Fundoplication
  1650. CONCLUDING THE OPERATION
  1651. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  1652. OUTCOMES
  1653. CHAPTER 97: Endoluminal Therapies for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
  1654. INTRODUCTION
  1655. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1656. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1657. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY
  1658. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1659. RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY APPLICATION TO THE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (STRETTA)
  1660. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1661. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS
  1662. OUTCOMES
  1663. TRANSORAL INCISIONLESS FUNDOPLICATION (ESOPHYX)
  1664. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1665. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS
  1666. OUTCOMES
  1667. ANTIREFLUX MUCOSAL INTERVENTIONS
  1668. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1669. OUTCOMES
  1670. SUMMARY
  1671. CHAPTER 98: Revisional Operations for Fundoplication Failure
  1672. INTRODUCTION
  1673. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1674. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1675. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1676. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1677. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1678. Step 1. Controlling the Hiatal Contents (Fig. 98.6)
  1679. Step 2. Performing the External Hiatal Dissection (Fig. 98.7)
  1680. Step 3. Dissecting the Mediastinum and Establishing Intra-Abdominal Esophageal Length (Fig. 98.8)
  1681. Step 4. Taking Down the Fundoplication and Restoring the Stomach to Normal Anatomy (Fig. 98.9)
  1682. Step 5. Identifying the GE Junction Definitively
  1683. Step 6. Closing the Hiatus (Fig. 98.13)
  1684. Step 7. Performing an Appropriate Antireflux Procedure (Fig. 98.14)
  1685. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1686. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1687. OUTCOMES
  1688. Long-Term Follow-Up
  1689. CHAPTER 99: Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation for GERD
  1690. INTRODUCTION
  1691. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1692. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1693. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1694. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1695. COMPLICATIONS
  1696. Erosions
  1697. OUTCOMES
  1698. CHAPTER 100: Nissen–Rossetti Antireflux Fundoplication (Open Procedure)
  1699. INDICATIONS
  1700. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1701. Preoperative Investigations
  1702. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1703. Positioning and Instrumentation
  1704. Hiatal Dissection
  1705. Hiatal Repair
  1706. Fundoplication
  1707. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1708. TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE HIATAL HERNIA
  1709. ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES
  1710. REOPERATIVE SURGERY
  1711. COMPLICATIONS
  1712. Postfundoplication Side Effects
  1713. Failure
  1714. OUTCOMES
  1715. CONCLUSIONS
  1716. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  1717. CHAPTER 101: Modified Hill Repair for Gastroesophageal Reflux
  1718. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1719. OPEN HILL OPERATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1720. RESULTS
  1721. LAPAROSCOPIC HILL OPERATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1722. DISCUSSION
  1723. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  1724. CHAPTER 102: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Achalasia and Other Esophageal Dysmotility
  1725. INTRODUCTION
  1726. ETIOLOGY/PHYSIOLOGY
  1727. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1728. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1729. HELLER MYOTOMY: INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1730. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
  1731. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1732. Laparoscopic Esophagocardiomyotomy
  1733. Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Esophagomyotomy
  1734. Thoracoscopic Esophagomyotomy
  1735. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1736. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1737. OUTCOMES
  1738. OTHER ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS
  1739. Primary Esophageal Motility Disorder
  1740. HYPERTENSIVE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
  1741. CONCLUSION
  1742. CHAPTER 103: Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Achalasia
  1743. INTRODUCTION
  1744. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1745. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1746. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1747. Setup
  1748. Diagnostic Endoscopy
  1749. Mucosotomy
  1750. Submucosal Tunnel Creation
  1751. Myotomy
  1752. Endoscopic Functional Luminal Imaging Probe
  1753. Mucosal Closure
  1754. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1755. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1756. OUTCOMES
  1757. Symptomatic Outcomes and GERD
  1758. POEM as a Revisional Operation
  1759. When POEM Is Preferred Over Heller
  1760. When Heller Is Preferred Over POEM
  1761. CONCLUSION
  1762. Part B: The Stomach and Duodenum
  1763. CHAPTER 104: Pathology and Treatment of Zenker Diverticulum
  1764. INTRODUCTION
  1765. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1766. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1767. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS/PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1768. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1769. Positioning
  1770. Technique
  1771. Postoperative Care
  1772. Endoscopic Approaches
  1773. Positioning
  1774. Technique
  1775. COMPLICATIONS
  1776. Outcomes
  1777. CHAPTER 105: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Cervical Esophagus
  1778. CHAPTER 106: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
  1779. INTRODUCTION
  1780. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1781. TECHNIQUE
  1782. POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS
  1783. EXPANDED APPLICATIONS OF PEG TECHNIQUE
  1784. CONCLUSION
  1785. CHAPTER 107: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Stomach
  1786. VASCULATURE (Fig. 107.4)
  1787. Left Gastric Artery
  1788. Splenic Artery
  1789. Common Hepatic Artery
  1790. INNERVATION
  1791. Parasympathetic Innervation
  1792. Sympathetic Innervation (Fig. 107.6C)
  1793. Intramural Plexuses
  1794. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
  1795. CHAPTER 108: Surgical Management of Gastroparesis
  1796. INTRODUCTION
  1797. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1798. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS
  1799. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1800. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1801. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  1802. PEG Decompression/Feeding Tube
  1803. Per-Oral Pyloromyotomy
  1804. Pyloroplasty
  1805. Gastric Electric Stimulation
  1806. Sleeve Gastrectomy
  1807. Subtotal/Total Gastrectomy
  1808. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1809. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1810. OUTCOMES
  1811. Per-Oral Pyloromyotomy
  1812. Laparoscopic Pyloroplasty
  1813. Implantable Gastric Stimulator
  1814. Sleeve Gastrectomy
  1815. Sub-Total, Total Gastrectomy
  1816. CONCLUSION
  1817. CHAPTER 109: Endoscopic Management of Gastroparesis
  1818. INTRODUCTION
  1819. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1820. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1821. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1822. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1823. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1824. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1825. Step 1: Submucosal Injection
  1826. Step 2: Mucosal Incision
  1827. Step 3: Tunneling
  1828. Step 4: Division of the Pylorus
  1829. Step 5: Closure of the Mucosotomy
  1830. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1831. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1832. OUTCOMES
  1833. CHAPTER 110: Selective and Nonselective Vagotomies
  1834. INTRODUCTION
  1835. INDICATIONS
  1836. ANATOMY
  1837. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1838. Preoperative Preparation
  1839. Open Truncal Vagotomy
  1840. Open Selective Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty
  1841. Heineke–Mikulicz Pyloroplasty
  1842. Finney Pyloroplasty
  1843. Highly Selective Vagotomy Open
  1844. Laparoscopic
  1845. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1846. COMPLICATIONS
  1847. OUTCOMES
  1848. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  1849. CHAPTER 111: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Vagus Nerve
  1850. NECK (Fig. 111.2)
  1851. THORAX
  1852. ABDOMEN
  1853. CHAPTER 112: Distal Gastrectomy: Open and Minimally Invasive Techniques
  1854. INTRODUCTION
  1855. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1856. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1857. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1858. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1859. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1860. Resection
  1861. Reconstruction
  1862. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1863. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1864. CHAPTER 113: Gastric Cancer
  1865. INTRODUCTION
  1866. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1867. STAGING
  1868. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1869. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1870. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  1871. Extent of Luminal Resection
  1872. Extent of Lymph Node Dissection
  1873. Extent of Adjacent Organ Resection
  1874. Minimally Invasive Approaches
  1875. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1876. Subtotal or Total Gastrectomy and D2 Lymphadenectomy
  1877. Greater Curvature Mobilization
  1878. Infrapyloric Mobilization
  1879. Suprapyloric Mobilization
  1880. Duodenal Transection
  1881. D2 Lymphadenectomy
  1882. Gastric or Esophageal Transection
  1883. RECONSTRUCTION
  1884. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1885. COMPLICATIONS
  1886. OUTCOMES
  1887. CHAPTER 114: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
  1888. INTRODUCTION
  1889. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1890. Role for Germline Testing
  1891. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1892. STAGING
  1893. RISK STRATIFICATION
  1894. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  1895. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1896. Gastric GIST
  1897. Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection (EFTR)
  1898. Submucosal Tunneling Endoscopic Resection (STER)
  1899. Transgastric Resection of GIST/Laparoendoscopic Cooperative Surgery (LECS)
  1900. Duodenal GIST
  1901. Jejunal and Ileal GIST
  1902. Rectal GIST
  1903. Esophageal GIST
  1904. Unresectable, Recurrent, and Metastatic Disease
  1905. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1906. Surveillance
  1907. Adjuvant Therapy
  1908. OUTCOMES
  1909. CHAPTER 115: Postgastrectomy Syndromes and Related Bariatric Problems in the Current Era
  1910. INTRODUCTION
  1911. GENERAL REVIEW OF RELEVANT OPERATIONS
  1912. Gastric Resections
  1913. Therapeutic Vagotomy
  1914. Esophagogastrectomy Procedures
  1915. Nonresective Procedures at the Esophagogastric Junction
  1916. Bariatric Procedures
  1917. Mechanical Disorders
  1918. Functional Disorders
  1919. Metabolic
  1920. CHAPTER 116: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
  1921. INTRODUCTION
  1922. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1923. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1924. Differential Diagnosis
  1925. MANAGEMENT
  1926. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1927. Duodenojejunostomy
  1928. Division of the Ligament of Treitz
  1929. OUTCOMES
  1930. Part C: Bariatric and Metabolic Diseases
  1931. CHAPTER 117: Diabetes and Other Metabolic Diseases
  1932. INTRODUCTION
  1933. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1934. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1935. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1936. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1937. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1938. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  1939. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1940. Indications
  1941. Contraindications
  1942. Preoperative Considerations
  1943. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1944. Common Surgical Procedures for Obesity and Metabolic Disease
  1945. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1946. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1947. Safety and Complications of Metabolic Surgery
  1948. Mechanisms of Metabolic Change
  1949. OUTCOMES
  1950. Weight Loss
  1951. Diabetes
  1952. Dyslipidemia
  1953. Cardiovascular Disease
  1954. Life Expectancy and Mortality
  1955. CONCLUSIONS
  1956. CHAPTER 118: Minimally Invasive Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
  1957. INTRODUCTION
  1958. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  1959. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1960. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1961. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1962. Jejunojejunostomy
  1963. Concomitant Operations
  1964. Final Steps
  1965. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1966. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  1967. OUTCOMES
  1968. CONCLUSIONS
  1969. CHAPTER 119: Minimally Invasive Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
  1970. INTRODUCTION
  1971. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  1972. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1973. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1974. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1975. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  1976. OUTCOMES
  1977. CHAPTER 120: The Laparoscopic Gastric Band Technique of Placement
  1978. INTRODUCTION
  1979. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1980. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1981. Perioperative Care
  1982. Operative Position and Port Placement
  1983. Dissection at the Angle of His
  1984. Dissection of the Anterior Fat Pad
  1985. Dissection on the Lesser Curve
  1986. Passing the Lap Band Placer
  1987. Selection of Lap Band Size
  1988. Positioning, Calibrating, and Closing the Lap Band
  1989. Anterior Fixation
  1990. Fixation of the Access Port
  1991. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  1992. COMPLICATIONS
  1993. OUTCOMES
  1994. CHAPTER 121: Laparoscopic Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch
  1995. INTRODUCTION
  1996. History of the Procedure
  1997. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  1998. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  1999. Laparoscopic BPD-DS Technique
  2000. Laparoscopic SADI-S Technique
  2001. Robotic Technique
  2002. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2003. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2004. OUTCOMES
  2005. BPD-DS Results
  2006. SADI-S Results
  2007. BPD-DS as a Revision after Failed Weight Loss
  2008. CHAPTER 122: Endoscopic Primary Bariatric Therapies
  2009. INTRODUCTION
  2010. ENDOLUMINAL SPACE-OCCUPYING DEVICES
  2011. Intragastric Balloons
  2012. Orbera (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX)
  2013. Spatz3 (Spatz FGIA Inc., Fort Lauderdale, FL)
  2014. Obalon (ReShape Lifesciences Inc., San Clemente, CA)
  2015. ReShape Duo Integrated Dual Balloon System (ReShape Medical Inc, San Clemente, CA)
  2016. TransPyloric Shuttle (BAROnova, Goleta, CA)
  2017. RESTRICTIVE THERAPY
  2018. Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty
  2019. Primary Obesity Surgery Endoluminal (POSE)
  2020. MALABSORPTIVE THERAPY
  2021. AspireAssist (Aspire Bariatrics, King of Prussia, PA)
  2022. EndoBarrier Gastrointestinal Liner System (GI Dynamics, Boston, MA)
  2023. Revita System (Fractyl Laboratories, Inc., Lexington, MA)
  2024. CONCLUSION
  2025. CHAPTER 123: Management of Acute Complications of Bariatric Surgery
  2026. INTRODUCTION
  2027. COMPLICATIONS AFTER SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY
  2028. Gastrointestinal Leak
  2029. Bleeding
  2030. Bowel Obstruction: Stenosis or Twisting
  2031. Portomesenteric Vein Thrombosis
  2032. COMPLICATIONS AFTER ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS
  2033. Gastrointestinal Leak
  2034. Bleeding
  2035. Bowel Obstruction
  2036. Marginal Ulcer
  2037. COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC ADJUSTABLE GASTRIC BANDING PROCEDURES
  2038. Gastric Prolapse
  2039. Band Erosion
  2040. CONCLUSION
  2041. CHAPTER 124: Revisional Bariatric Surgery
  2042. INTRODUCTION
  2043. ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2044. Diagnosis/Clinical Presentation
  2045. Preoperative Planning
  2046. Revisions and Conversions for Complications
  2047. Revisions for Complications of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
  2048. Complications of Sleeve Gastrectomy
  2049. Revisions for Weight Regain and Weight-Related Comorbid Diseases
  2050. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2051. OUTCOMES
  2052. CHAPTER 125: Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS)
  2053. INTRODUCTION
  2054. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2055. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2056. RADIOLOGIC STUDIES
  2057. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2058. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2059. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2060. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2061. Laparoscopic Technique (Video 125.1)
  2062. Robotic Technique
  2063. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2064. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2065. Case 1
  2066. Case 2
  2067. Case 3
  2068. Patient Selection
  2069. OUTCOMES
  2070. SECTION VIII: Colon and Rectal Surgery
  2071. Part A: Small Intestine
  2072. CHAPTER 126: Clinical Anatomy for Procedures Involving the Small Bowel, Colon, Rectum, and Anus
  2073. INTRODUCTION
  2074. SMALL BOWEL ANATOMY FOR COLORECTAL PROCEDURES
  2075. CECUM AND APPENDIX
  2076. ASCENDING COLON
  2077. TRANSVERSE COLON
  2078. DESCENDING COLON
  2079. SIGMOID COLON
  2080. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE COLON
  2081. LYMPHOID DRAINAGE AND INNERVATION OF THE COLON
  2082. THE URETERS
  2083. OMENTUM
  2084. RECTUM
  2085. ANUS
  2086. ANORECTAL BLOOD SUPPLY
  2087. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE ANORECTUM
  2088. INNERVATION OF THE ANORECTUM
  2089. Replacement of Organ Function
  2090. Obtaining Extra Bowel Length
  2091. Buttressing Anastomoses/Repairs
  2092. Importance of Anatomical Knowledge in Avoiding Organ Injury
  2093. CHAPTER 127: Small Bowel Obstruction after Total Colectomy
  2094. INTRODUCTION
  2095. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2096. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2097. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
  2098. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2099. Small Bowel Obstruction within 6 Weeks of a Prior Laparotomy
  2100. Small Bowel Obstruction Following a Remote Laparotomy
  2101. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2102. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2103. Open Lysis of Adhesions
  2104. Laparoscopic Approach
  2105. Desmoids
  2106. Crohn’s Disease
  2107. Intra-abdominal Abscesses
  2108. Special Scenario of Small Bowel Adherent in the Pelvis after a Prior Pelvic Procedure
  2109. Radiation
  2110. Malignant Obstruction
  2111. Assessing for Ischemic Bowel
  2112. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2113. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2114. OUTCOMES
  2115. CHAPTER 128: The Continent Ileostomy
  2116. INTRODUCTION
  2117. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
  2118. CURRENT INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2119. THE OPERATION
  2120. POSTOPERATIVE AND POSTHOSPITALIZATION CARE
  2121. RESULTS
  2122. REVISIONAL SURGERY
  2123. Pouch Malfunction from Valve Failure
  2124. Failed Ileoanal Anastomosis Converted to Kock Pouch
  2125. POUCHITIS SYNDROME
  2126. QUALITY OF LIFE
  2127. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  2128. CHAPTER 129: Technique of Ileostomy Construction and Closure
  2129. INTRODUCTION
  2130. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2131. End Ileostomy
  2132. Loop Ileostomy
  2133. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2134. Preoperative Consent
  2135. Ostomy Education
  2136. Ostomy Marking
  2137. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2138. End Ileostomy
  2139. Loop Ileostomy
  2140. End Loop Ileostomy
  2141. Divided Loop Ileostomy
  2142. Trephine Ileostomy Creation
  2143. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2144. Output Management
  2145. Ostomy Care
  2146. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  2147. Early Complications
  2148. After Discharge or Late Complications
  2149. ILEOSTOMY CLOSURE
  2150. Technique
  2151. Complications
  2152. CHAPTER 130: Gastrointestinal-Cutaneous Fistulas
  2153. INTRODUCTION
  2154. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2155. Surgical
  2156. Spontaneous
  2157. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2158. Clinical Presentation
  2159. Diagnostic Testing
  2160. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2161. Source Control
  2162. Wound Care
  2163. Measurement and Reduction of Fistula Output
  2164. Special Medication Considerations in Crohn’s Disease
  2165. Nutrition
  2166. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2167. Likelihood of Nonoperative Closure
  2168. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2169. Timing
  2170. Nutrition
  2171. Optimization of Additional Patient Risk Factors
  2172. Imaging
  2173. Bowel Preparation and Antibiotics
  2174. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2175. Endoscopic
  2176. Surgical
  2177. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2178. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2179. OUTCOMES
  2180. CHAPTER 131: Surgical Treatment of Small Bowel Crohn Disease
  2181. INTRODUCTION
  2182. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2183. Pathoetiology
  2184. Prevalence
  2185. Classification
  2186. Natural History
  2187. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS
  2188. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2189. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2190. Hemorrhage
  2191. Intra-Abdominal Sepsis
  2192. Obstruction
  2193. Enteric Fistulas
  2194. Extraintestinal Manifestations
  2195. Growth Retardation
  2196. Neoplasia
  2197. Failed Medical Therapy
  2198. Preoperative Planning
  2199. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2200. Operative Options and Tenets
  2201. Resection
  2202. Bypass
  2203. Strictureplasty
  2204. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2205. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2206. OUTCOMES
  2207. Short-Term
  2208. Long-Term
  2209. CONCLUSIONS
  2210. CHAPTER 132: Neuroendocrine and Other Tumors
  2211. INTRODUCTION
  2212. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2213. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2214. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2215. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2216. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2217. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2218. Appendix
  2219. Small Bowel
  2220. Colon
  2221. Rectum
  2222. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2223. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  2224. OUTCOMES
  2225. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2226. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2227. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2228. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2229. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2230. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2231. Small Intestine
  2232. Colon and Rectum
  2233. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2234. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  2235. OUTCOMES
  2236. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2237. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2238. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2239. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2240. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2241. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2242. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2243. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  2244. OUTCOMES
  2245. CHAPTER 133: Management of the Patient with Intestinal Failure
  2246. INTRODUCTION
  2247. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2248. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2249. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2250. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2251. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2252. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2253. Bowel Interposition
  2254. Techniques to Lengthen and Taper Bowel
  2255. Intestinal Transplantation
  2256. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2257. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2258. OUTCOMES
  2259. Part B: Colon, Rectum, Anus
  2260. CHAPTER 134: Appendiceal Carcinoma
  2261. INTRODUCTION
  2262. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2263. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2264. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  2265. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2266. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2267. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2268. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2269. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY
  2270. OUTCOMES
  2271. CHAPTER 135: Large Bowel Obstruction
  2272. INTRODUCTION
  2273. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2274. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2275. Acute Large Bowel Obstruction
  2276. Obstruction due to Colorectal Cancer
  2277. Obstruction due to Intussusception
  2278. Subacute/Chronic Large Bowel Obstruction
  2279. Chronic Obstruction as a Result of Inflammatory Disease
  2280. Pseudoobstruction, Oglivie Syndrome
  2281. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2282. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2283. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2284. Technique of Colonic Decompression in Sigmoid Volvulus
  2285. Technique of Colon Decompression with Self-Expanding Metallic Stent (SEMS)
  2286. The Steps Involved in the TTS Colonic SEMS Placement
  2287. On table Colonic Lavage with Segmental Colectomy and Primary Anastomosis
  2288. Resection with End Colostomy (Hartmann Procedure)
  2289. Loop Colostomy
  2290. Loop Ileostomy
  2291. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2292. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2293. OUTCOMES
  2294. CHAPTER 136: Surgical Treatment of Colonic and Perianal Crohn Disease
  2295. INTRODUCTION
  2296. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2297. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2298. Surgery
  2299. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2300. Endoscopic Assessment
  2301. Radiologic Assessment
  2302. Preoperative Optimization
  2303. Surgical Options
  2304. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2305. Postoperative Management
  2306. COMPLICATION/MANAGEMENT
  2307. OUTCOMES
  2308. Recurrence of Crohn Disease after Proctocolectomy
  2309. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2310. Nonfistulizing Manifestations of Crohn Disease
  2311. Fistulizing Manifestations–Perianal Abscess and Fistulas
  2312. CONCLUSION
  2313. CHAPTER 137: Surgery for Toxic Megacolon in Ulcerative Colitis
  2314. INTRODUCTION
  2315. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2316. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2317. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2318. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2319. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2320. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2321. Exploration and Planning
  2322. Diversion Procedure (Ileostomy–Colostomy)
  2323. Subtotal or Total Colectomy
  2324. Proctocolectomy with End Ileostomy/Restorative Procedure
  2325. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2326. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2327. Wound Infection/Fascial Dehiscence
  2328. Intra-Abdominal/Pelvic Abscesses
  2329. Stoma Complications
  2330. Hemorrhage
  2331. OUTCOMES
  2332. CHAPTER 138: Total Proctocolectomy and Intersphincteric Proctectomy for Benign Disease
  2333. INTRODUCTION
  2334. INDICATIONS
  2335. Total Proctocolectomy
  2336. Total Proctocolectomy with Intersphincteric Proctectomy
  2337. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2338. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2339. Total Proctocolectomy
  2340. Intersphincteric Dissection
  2341. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2342. Complications/Management
  2343. CONCLUSION
  2344. CHAPTER 139: Ileoanal Pouch Procedure for Ulcerative Colitis and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
  2345. INTRODUCTION
  2346. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  2347. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2348. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  2349. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
  2350. “Other” Conditions
  2351. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2352. Fulminant Colitis
  2353. Toxic Megacolon
  2354. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  2355. Incompetent Anal Sphincter
  2356. FAP Patients Requiring Whipple
  2357. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2358. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Elective Versus Urgent
  2359. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
  2360. Preoperative Planning in the Setting of Rectal Cancer
  2361. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2362. Common Techniques to Obtain Small Bowel Mesenteric Length Regardless of Method of Access
  2363. Operations for Benign Versus Malignant Disease
  2364. Special Considerations for Robotic and Laparoscopic Surgery
  2365. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2366. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  2367. OUTCOME
  2368. CHAPTER 140: Total Colectomy and Ileorectal Anastomosis
  2369. INTRODUCTION
  2370. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2371. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  2372. Colonic Neoplasia
  2373. Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
  2374. Chronic Constipation and Colonic Inertia
  2375. Restoration of Intestinal Continuity Following Subtotal Colectomy
  2376. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2377. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2378. Open Resection
  2379. Laparoscopic Resection
  2380. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  2381. COMPLICATIONS
  2382. OUTCOMES
  2383. CHAPTER 141: Surgery for Diverticulitis
  2384. INTRODUCTION
  2385. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2386. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2387. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN UNCOMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS
  2388. Severity of Attacks and Current Symptoms
  2389. Risk of Subsequent Attacks of Diverticulitis
  2390. Risk of Developing Complicated Diverticulitis
  2391. Risk of Developing Free Perforation/Risk of Requiring Emergency Surgery and Stoma After Recovery From an Episode of Uncomplicated Diverticulitis
  2392. Young Patients and Diverticulitis
  2393. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN COMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS
  2394. Diverticular Fistulas
  2395. Diverticular Strictures
  2396. Diverticular Abscess
  2397. Perforated Diverticulitis With Purulent or Fecal Peritonitis
  2398. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2399. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2400. Open Sigmoid Colectomy
  2401. Laparoscopic Colectomy
  2402. Robotic Sigmoid Colectomy
  2403. Hartmann Resection
  2404. Laparoscopic Lavage
  2405. Reoperative Surgery
  2406. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2407. OUTCOMES
  2408. Immediate Postoperative Adverse Events
  2409. Risk of Persistent Abdominal Symptoms After Resection
  2410. Risk of Recurrent Diverticulitis After Resection
  2411. CONCLUSIONS
  2412. CHAPTER 142: Technique of Colostomy Construction and Closure
  2413. INTRODUCTION
  2414. INDICATIONS
  2415. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2416. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2417. Colonic Mobilization
  2418. Stoma Aperture
  2419. Colon Delivery
  2420. End Colostomy Maturation
  2421. Alternative Configurations: Loop-End, Blowhole, End-Loop, Diverting Colostomy
  2422. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2423. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2424. Acute Postoperative Complications
  2425. COLOSTOMY CLOSURE
  2426. Closure of Diverting Loop Colostomy
  2427. End Colostomy Closure
  2428. OUTCOMES
  2429. CHAPTER 143: Care of Stomas
  2430. INTRODUCTION
  2431. STOMA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  2432. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2433. Role of the Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurse
  2434. Ostomy Siting
  2435. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2436. Ostomy Appliances
  2437. Peristomal Skin Care
  2438. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2439. Diet, Medications, Lifestyle
  2440. Perioperative Care Pathways to Reduce Hospital Readmission
  2441. Complications and Management
  2442. Stenosis
  2443. CONCLUSIONS
  2444. PATIENT RESOURCES
  2445. CHAPTER 144: Open and Minimally Invasive Right Hemicolectomy for Cancer
  2446. INTRODUCTION
  2447. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2448. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2449. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2450. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY
  2451. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2452. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2453. Open Right Hemicolectomy
  2454. Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy
  2455. Robotic Right Hemicolectomy
  2456. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: EXTENT OF LYMPHADENECTOMY
  2457. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2458. OUTCOMES
  2459. CONCLUSION
  2460. COMPLICATIONS
  2461. CHAPTER 145: Open and Minimally Invasive Left Hemicolectomy for Neoplasms of the Descending Colon, Sigmoid, and Upper Rectum
  2462. INTRODUCTION
  2463. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2464. Preoperative Staging
  2465. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2466. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2467. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2468. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2469. Positioning
  2470. Principles of Resection
  2471. Lateral to Medial Approach
  2472. Medial to Lateral Approach
  2473. Splenic Flexure Mobilization
  2474. Mesorectal Anterior Excision
  2475. Anastomosis and Extraction
  2476. Open Considerations
  2477. Laparoscopic Considerations
  2478. Robotic Considerations
  2479. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2480. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2481. Anastomotic Leaks
  2482. Pulmonary Embolus/DVT
  2483. Urinary Retention
  2484. Retrograde Ejaculation
  2485. Outcomes
  2486. CHAPTER 146: Total Mesorectal Excision (TME)
  2487. INTRODUCTION
  2488. Reflections on the Importance of TME as the Prototype in Principle for All Visceral Cancer Operations
  2489. HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  2490. THE RECTAL CANCER WORLD IN 2022
  2491. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
  2492. TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION (TME)—AN EMBRYOLOGIC REDEFINITION OF MILES’ “HIGHLY DANGEROUS TISSUES”
  2493. PREOPERATIVE IMAGING
  2494. CANCER BOARD PLANNING (MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM—MDT)
  2495. Summary of the Cancer Board (MDT) Sequence
  2496. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  2497. Choice of Tissue Block to be Excised—TME or “TME Plus”, “TME Minus”, or Partial Mesorectal Excision (PME) or Local Excision
  2498. The Ultra-Low Rectal Cancer
  2499. Surveillance or Immediate Surgery After an Excellent Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy
  2500. THE SURGERY
  2501. BEFORE THE OPERATION IN THE OR
  2502. Bimanual Pelvic Examination
  2503. Surgical Technique—Principles Applicable to All Methods
  2504. The Holy Plane and the Confusions of Intraplanar Fat
  2505. Stepwise Detail for All Abdominal Approaches
  2506. ANTERIOR AND ANTEROLATERAL DISSECTION—DENONVILLIERS (RECTOGENITAL) SEPTUM
  2507. Anterior Dissection in the Female
  2508. Dissection of the Most Distal Mesorectum
  2509. MANAGEMENT OF THE ANORECTUM DISTAL TO THE CANCER—STAPLING TECHNIQUES—MORAN TRIPLE-STAPLING
  2510. Avoidance of a Permanent Colostomy
  2511. Colon Pouch or Coloplasty?
  2512. STAPLED LOW PELVIC RECONSTRUCTION
  2513. Short Colon Pouch or a Side-to-End Anastomosis to Low Rectum or Anal Canal
  2514. Transanal Transection and Single Stapling (TTSS)
  2515. Pelvic Drainage
  2516. AUDIT OF THE EXCISED CANCER SPECIMEN
  2517. Open Surgery
  2518. Manual Palpation and Inspection—Laparotomy
  2519. CONCLUSION
  2520. Data
  2521. The Basingstoke Experience of Open TME—Total Mesorectal Excision 1978–1997
  2522. CHAPTER 147: Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision
  2523. INTRODUCTION
  2524. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2525. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2526. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2527. PROCEDURE-SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS
  2528. Urethral Injury
  2529. CO2 Embolism
  2530. OUTCOMES
  2531. TaTME Training and the Learning Curve
  2532. CONCLUSIONS
  2533. CHAPTER 148: The Assessment of Patients with Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Therapy: Changing Surgical Paradigms
  2534. INTRODUCTION
  2535. Baseline Assessment
  2536. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
  2537. Digital Rectal Examination
  2538. Endoscopic Assessment
  2539. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  2540. THERAPY
  2541. Pathologic Findings
  2542. Neoadjuvant Treatment
  2543. Assessment of Tumor Response
  2544. Timing
  2545. Complete Clinical Response (cCR)
  2546. Radiologic Assessment
  2547. Near-Complete Clinical Response
  2548. FOLLOW-UP
  2549. Local Regrowths
  2550. Distant Metastases
  2551. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
  2552. CHAPTER 149: Open and Minimally Invasive Sphincter- Preserving Radical Resection for Malignant Disease of the Middle and Lower Thirds of the Rectum
  2553. INTRODUCTION
  2554. ANATOMY
  2555. Perirectal Tissue Planes and Spaces
  2556. Autonomic Nervous System
  2557. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage
  2558. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2559. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2560. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2561. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2562. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2563. Colon Mobilization and Division of Blood Supply
  2564. Total Mesorectal Excision and Autonomic Nerve Preservation
  2565. Transanal TME
  2566. Distal Resection
  2567. Reconstructive Techniques
  2568. Anastomotic Techniques
  2569. Immunofluorescence
  2570. Hydro-Pneumatic Testing
  2571. Diversion
  2572. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2573. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2574. Anastomotic Leak
  2575. OUTCOMES
  2576. Oncologic Outcomes
  2577. Functional Outcomes
  2578. Outcomes of Open versus Minimally Invasive Proctectomy
  2579. CHAPTER 150: Abdominoperineal Resection of the Rectum for Rectal Cancer
  2580. INTRODUCTION
  2581. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2582. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2583. Extent of Resection
  2584. Ostomy Marking
  2585. Abdominal Dissection–Minimally Invasive versus Open Technique
  2586. Perineal Dissection–Prone versus Lithotomy
  2587. Perineal Reconstruction Options
  2588. Pain Management
  2589. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2590. Anatomical Relationships and Considerations
  2591. Open Abdominal Dissection
  2592. Minimally Invasive Abdominal Dissection
  2593. Perineal Part: Prone Position
  2594. Perineal Part: Lithotomy Position
  2595. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2596. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2597. OUTCOMES
  2598. CHAPTER 151: The Approach to Reoperative Pelvic Surgery in Rectal Cancer
  2599. INTRODUCTION
  2600. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2601. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2602. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2603. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2604. PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
  2605. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2606. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2607. COMPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES
  2608. SUMMARY
  2609. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  2610. CHAPTER 152: Sacral Resection for Recurrent Rectal Cancers
  2611. INTRODUCTION
  2612. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2613. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2614. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2615. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2616. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
  2617. Tumor Marker—Carcinogenic Embryonic Antigen (CEA)
  2618. Computed Tomography
  2619. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  2620. Positron Emission Tomography
  2621. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2622. Classification of Sacrectomy
  2623. Sacrectomy: The Abdominopelvic Phase
  2624. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2625. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2626. OUTCOMES
  2627. CHAPTER 153: Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Cancers of the Appendix and Colon
  2628. INTRODUCTION
  2629. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2630. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
  2631. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2632. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2633. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Administration
  2634. Re-Exploration and Definitive Closure
  2635. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2636. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2637. OUTCOMES
  2638. CONCLUSIONS
  2639. CHAPTER 154: Management of Retrorectal Tumors
  2640. INTRODUCTION
  2641. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2642. Congenital Tumors
  2643. Neurogenic Tumors
  2644. Osseous Tumors
  2645. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  2646. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2647. SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2648. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2649. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2650. Posterior Approach
  2651. Anterior Approach
  2652. Combined Anterior and Posterior Approach
  2653. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2654. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  2655. OUTCOMES
  2656. SUMMARY
  2657. CHAPTER 155: Rectal Prolapse
  2658. INTRODUCTION
  2659. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
  2660. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2661. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2662. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2663. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES
  2664. Anal Encirclement (Thiersch Procedure)
  2665. Mucosal Sleeve Resection (Delorme Procedure)
  2666. Perineal Proctosigmoidectomy (Altemeier Procedure)
  2667. Sutured Rectopexy
  2668. Mesh Rectopexy
  2669. Resection Rectopexy
  2670. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2671. COMPLICATIONS
  2672. CHAPTER 156: Anorectal Disorders
  2673. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2674. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2675. DIAGNOSIS
  2676. TREATMENT: CONSERVATIVE
  2677. Nonspecific Medical Therapy
  2678. Specific First-Line Therapy: Nitric Oxide Donors or Calcium Channel Blockade
  2679. Specific Second-Line Therapy: Botulinum Toxin
  2680. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2681. Closed Lateral Subcutaneous Internal Sphincterotomy
  2682. Open Internal Sphincterotomy
  2683. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2684. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2685. DIAGNOSIS
  2686. Conservative Therapy
  2687. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2688. Drainage of Perianal Abscess
  2689. Ischiorectal Abscess
  2690. Drainage of Intersphincteric Abscess
  2691. Drainage of Supralevator Abscess
  2692. Drainage of Submucous Abscess
  2693. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2694. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2695. DIAGNOSIS
  2696. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2697. COMMON AVAILABLE TREATMENTS
  2698. Fistulotomy (Lay Open)
  2699. Staged Seton Fistulotomy
  2700. Flap Repair: Fistulectomy and Anorectal Advancement Flap
  2701. The LIFT Operation
  2702. VAFT
  2703. Anal Plug
  2704. Injectables
  2705. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2706. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2707. DIAGNOSIS
  2708. TREATMENT
  2709. Conservative Therapy
  2710. Outpatient Therapy
  2711. Rubber-Band Ligation
  2712. Hemorrhoid Artery Ligation
  2713. Cautery or Laser Hemorrhoidectomy
  2714. Suture Ligation of Hemorrhoids: LigaSure
  2715. Harmonic Scalpel Hemorrhoidectomy
  2716. Radiofrequency Ablation
  2717. Rectoanal Excision and Repair: Mucosectomy
  2718. MAJOR RESECTIONAL PROCEDURES
  2719. Hemorrhoidectomy
  2720. Open Hemorrhoidectomy
  2721. Closed Hemorrhoidectomy
  2722. COMPLICATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL HEMORRHOIDECTOMY/MANAGEMENT
  2723. Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy
  2724. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2725. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2726. DIAGNOSIS
  2727. TREATMENT
  2728. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2729. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2730. DIAGNOSIS
  2731. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2732. Management of Pilonidal Abscess
  2733. Elective Treatment of Pilonidal Sinus
  2734. Fibrin Glue
  2735. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2736. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2737. DIAGNOSIS
  2738. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2739. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2740. Obstetric RVF
  2741. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOLPHYSIOLOGY
  2742. Forniceal Fistulae
  2743. Septal Fistulae
  2744. Perineal Fistulae
  2745. DIAGNOSIS
  2746. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2747. Preliminary Fecal Diversion
  2748. Definitive Treatment
  2749. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2750. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2751. DIAGNOSIS
  2752. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
  2753. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2754. Drainage of Pus
  2755. Defunction
  2756. Selective Treatment
  2757. CHAPTER 157: Management of Premalignant and Malignant Neoplasms of the Anal Canal and Perianal Area
  2758. INTRODUCTION
  2759. ANATOMY
  2760. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2761. Nomenclature
  2762. Risk Factors
  2763. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2764. Screening
  2765. Anal Cytology
  2766. High-Resolution Anoscopy
  2767. Pathology
  2768. Topical Treatment
  2769. Vaccination
  2770. Ablative Treatment
  2771. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2772. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2773. Workup and Staging
  2774. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2775. OUTCOMES
  2776. Recurrent Disease and Salvage Surgical Treatment
  2777. PERIANAL PAGET DISEASE
  2778. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2779. Surgical Treatment
  2780. Topical and Nonsurgical Treatment
  2781. MELANOMA
  2782. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2783. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2784. SURGICAL TREATMENT
  2785. ANAL ADENOCARCINOMA
  2786. CHAPTER 158: Transanal Excision of Rectal Neoplasms
  2787. INTRODUCTION
  2788. DIAGNOSIS
  2789. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2790. Special Circumstances and Controversies
  2791. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2792. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  2793. Parks Transanal Excision
  2794. Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery
  2795. Transanal Endoscopic Operation
  2796. Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS)
  2797. Robotic TAMIS (R-TAMIS)
  2798. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2799. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2800. OUTCOMES
  2801. Clinical Outcomes
  2802. Functional Outcomes
  2803. CHAPTER 159: Functional Bowel Disorders
  2804. INCONTINENCE
  2805. Clinical Presentation
  2806. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  2807. Diagnosis
  2808. Conservative Treatment
  2809. Surgical Technique
  2810. RECTAL PROLAPSE
  2811. Clinical Presentation
  2812. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  2813. Diagnosis
  2814. Surgical Technique
  2815. MEGABOWEL
  2816. Clinical Presentation
  2817. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  2818. Diagnosis
  2819. Conservative Therapy
  2820. Surgical Treatment
  2821. SLOW TRANSIT CONSTIPATION
  2822. Clinical Presentation
  2823. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  2824. Diagnosis
  2825. Conservative Treatment
  2826. Surgical Treatment
  2827. OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECATION SYNDROME
  2828. Clinical Presentation
  2829. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  2830. Diagnosis
  2831. Conservative Treatment
  2832. Surgical Treatment
  2833. VOLUME II
  2834. SECTION IX: Biliary Tract, Liver, Pancreas, and Spleen
  2835. Part A: The Liver and Biliary Tract
  2836. CHAPTER 160: Diagnostic Considerations in Biliary and Liver Disease
  2837. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2838. BILIARY DISEASE
  2839. Gallbladder Pathologies
  2840. Biliary Dyskinesia
  2841. Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
  2842. Acalculous Cholecystitis
  2843. Porcelain Gallbladder
  2844. Adenomyomatosis of the Gallbladder
  2845. Gallbladder Polyps
  2846. Gallbladder Cancer
  2847. BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
  2848. Choledocholithiasis
  2849. Cholangitis
  2850. Biliary Obstruction Without Gallstones
  2851. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO LIVER MASSES
  2852. Cystic Lesions
  2853. Benign Solid Lesions
  2854. Malignant Solid Lesions
  2855. LIVER METASTASIS FROM PRIMARY OF ANOTHER ORIGIN
  2856. Colorectal Metastasis
  2857. Neuroendocrine Metastasis
  2858. HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT
  2859. CHAPTER 161: Approaches to Drainage of Hepatic, Perihepatic, and Subhepatic Abscesses
  2860. INTRODUCTION
  2861. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2862. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2863. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2864. Antibiotic Therapy
  2865. Source Control
  2866. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2867. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2868. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2869. CHAPTER 162: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Peritoneal Spaces
  2870. PERITONEAL REFLECTIONS OF DIAPHRAGM TO LIVER (Fig. 162.1)
  2871. SPACES/RECESSES RELATED TO LIVER (FIGS. 162.1 AND 162.2)
  2872. OMENTAL BURSA (FIGS. 162.2 AND 162.3)
  2873. INFRAMESOCOLIC COMPARTMENT (Fig. 162.2)
  2874. FOLDS AND FOSSAE OF PELVIS (Fig. 162.4)
  2875. FOLDS AND FOSSAE RELATED TO UMBILICUS
  2876. CHAPTER 163: Hepatic Abscess
  2877. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2878. Pyogenic Liver Abscess
  2879. Amebic Liver Abscess
  2880. Cystic Echinococcosis
  2881. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2882. IMAGING
  2883. Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess
  2884. Hepatosplenic Candidiasis
  2885. Amebic Hepatic Abscess
  2886. Cystic Echinococcosis
  2887. MULTIMODALITY MANAGEMENT
  2888. Antimicrobial Management
  2889. INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT
  2890. Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess
  2891. Hepatosplenic Candidiasis
  2892. Entamoeba Hepatic Abscess
  2893. Cystic Echinococcosis
  2894. CHAPTER 164: Cholecystostomy, Cholecystectomy, and Intraoperative Evaluation of the Biliary Tree
  2895. INTRODUCTION
  2896. SURGICAL ANATOMY
  2897. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2898. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2899. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2900. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2901. Open Cholecystectomy
  2902. Intraoperative Cholangiogram
  2903. Common Bile Duct Exploration
  2904. Subtotal Cholecystectomy
  2905. Open Cholecystostomy
  2906. Additional Procedures
  2907. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2908. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2909. OUTCOMES
  2910. CHAPTER 165: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract
  2911. GALLBLADDER
  2912. EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY TRACT
  2913. CHAPTER 166: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Intraoperative Cholangiography, and Common Bile Duct Exploration
  2914. INTRODUCTION
  2915. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2916. Cholelithiasis
  2917. Biliary Colic
  2918. Acute Cholecystitis
  2919. Biliary Dyskinesia
  2920. Choledocholithiasis
  2921. Cholangitis
  2922. Gallstone Pancreatitis
  2923. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2924. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2925. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2926. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2927. Preoperative Testing
  2928. Operative Equipment
  2929. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2930. Anesthesia
  2931. Pneumoperitoneum
  2932. Trocar Placement
  2933. Exposure of the Porta Hepatis
  2934. Stripping the Peritoneum
  2935. Pedunculation of the Gallbladder
  2936. The Critical View of Safety
  2937. Control of the Cystic Duct and Cystic Artery
  2938. Resection of the Gallbladder
  2939. Removal of the Gallbladder
  2940. Other Techniques
  2941. Other Special Considerations
  2942. Additional Operative Considerations
  2943. Methods to Delineate Anatomy
  2944. Bailout Maneuvers
  2945. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2946. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2947. Hemorrhage
  2948. Stone or Biliary Contamination
  2949. Bile Duct Injury
  2950. Intraoperative Diagnosis
  2951. Postoperative Diagnosis
  2952. Common Bile Duct Stones
  2953. OUTCOMES
  2954. Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome
  2955. Hernia
  2956. Future Directions
  2957. CHAPTER 167: Reconstruction of the Bile Duct: Anatomic Principles and Surgical Techniques
  2958. INTRODUCTION
  2959. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR BILE DUCT RECONSTRUCTION
  2960. ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  2961. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2962. Clinical Presentation
  2963. Diagnoses
  2964. Preoperative Planning for BDR
  2965. Cross-Sectional Imaging
  2966. Preoperative Patient Preparation
  2967. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  2968. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2969. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2970. OUTCOMES
  2971. CHAPTER 168: Current Application of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy, Lateral Choledocoduodenostomy, and Transduodenal Sphincteroplasty
  2972. INTRODUCTION
  2973. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2974. Anatomy of the Distal Common Bile Duct and Pancreatic Duct
  2975. Physiology of the Oddi Sphincter
  2976. Pathophysiology
  2977. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2978. Evaluation of Patients With Biliary-Type Pain
  2979. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
  2980. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2981. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2982. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  2983. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2984. ERCP and Endoscopic Sphincterotomy
  2985. Alternative Procedures
  2986. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2987. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2988. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2989. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  2990. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  2991. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2992. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  2993. TECHNIQUE
  2994. Postoperative Care
  2995. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  2996. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  2997. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  2998. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  2999. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3000. TECHNIQUE
  3001. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  3002. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3003. OUTCOMES
  3004. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3005. CHAPTER 169: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  3006. INTRODUCTION
  3007. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3008. EPIDEMIOLOGY
  3009. DIAGNOSIS
  3010. NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3011. Overview
  3012. Nonmalignant Complications and Disease Associations
  3013. Malignant Complications and Disease Associations
  3014. MANAGEMENT
  3015. Overview
  3016. Medical Management
  3017. Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  3018. PSC-Associated Neoplasia Surveillance
  3019. Liver Transplantation
  3020. CHAPTER 170: Cholecystojejunostomy and Choledochojejunostomy/Hepaticojejunostomy
  3021. INTRODUCTION
  3022. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3023. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3024. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3025. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3026. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3027. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3028. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3029. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3030. OUTCOMES
  3031. INTRODUCTION
  3032. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3033. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3034. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3035. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3036. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3037. Open Technique
  3038. Minimally Invasive Technique
  3039. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3040. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3041. OUTCOMES
  3042. CHAPTER 171: Operative Treatment of Choledochal Cysts
  3043. INTRODUCTION
  3044. EPIDEMIOLOGY
  3045. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3046. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3047. INVESTIGATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3048. CHOLEDOCHAL MALFORMATIONS CLASSIFICATION
  3049. MALIGNANCY RISK
  3050. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3051. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3052. CHAPTER 172: Hepatic Resection for Primary and Metastatic Tumors
  3053. INTRODUCTION
  3054. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3055. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3056. Anesthetic Considerations
  3057. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3058. Patient Positioning, Incision, and Exposure
  3059. Parenchymal Transection
  3060. Pringle Maneuver
  3061. Right Hepatectomy
  3062. Anterior Approach
  3063. Extended Right Hepatectomy
  3064. Left Hepatectomy
  3065. Extended Left Hepatectomy
  3066. Drainage
  3067. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3068. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3069. OUTCOMES
  3070. CHAPTER 173: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Liver
  3071. SURFACES AND FISSURES (Fig. 173.1)
  3072. RELATIONSHIPS OF LIVER (FIGS. 173.1 AND 173.2)
  3073. FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISIONS AND HEPATIC SEGMENTATION (FIGS. 173.3B TO 173.5)
  3074. PORTA HEPATIS (FIGS. 173.1, 173.6 TO 173.8)
  3075. Hepatic Artery
  3076. Portal Vein
  3077. Bile Duct
  3078. HEPATIC VEINS (Fig. 173.9)
  3079. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 173.10)
  3080. INNERVATION (Fig. 173.11)
  3081. CHAPTER 174: High Malignant Biliary Tract Obstruction
  3082. INTRODUCTION
  3083. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3084. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3085. SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3086. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3087. Preoperative Biliary Drainage
  3088. Preoperative Portal Embolization
  3089. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  3090. Staging Laparoscopy
  3091. Hepatectomy: Rationale and Planning
  3092. Hepatectomy: Exposure and Portal Dissection
  3093. Hepatectomy: Optimizing the Hepatic Duct Margin, Parenchymal Transection, and Reconstruction
  3094. PALLIATIVE PROCEDURES
  3095. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
  3096. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3097. Initial Hospital Course
  3098. Complications and their Management
  3099. Multimodal Therapy
  3100. OUTCOMES
  3101. SUMMARY
  3102. CHAPTER 175: The Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Approach
  3103. INTRODUCTION
  3104. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3105. Patient Selection and Preoperative Evaluation
  3106. Future Liver Remnant Assessment
  3107. Surgical Technique
  3108. Classic Technique
  3109. Surgical Variants of the Classic ALPPS Procedure
  3110. PERIOPERATIVE PATIENT MANAGEMENT
  3111. OUTCOMES
  3112. ALPPS Safety: Morbidity and Mortality
  3113. Oncologic Results
  3114. CONCLUSIONS
  3115. CHAPTER 176: Minimally Invasive Hepatectomy
  3116. INTRODUCTION
  3117. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3118. Epidemiology
  3119. Benign Indications for Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery
  3120. Malignant Indications for Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery
  3121. Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
  3122. Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
  3123. Colorectal Liver Metastases
  3124. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3125. Minimally Invasive Surgery and Chemoradiotherapy
  3126. OUTCOMES
  3127. Laparoscopic Advantages
  3128. Potential Laparoscopic Disadvantages
  3129. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3130. Difficulty of Minimally Invasive Hepatectomy
  3131. Learning Curve for Minimally Invasive Hepatectomy
  3132. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3133. Preoperative Considerations
  3134. Surgical Planning and Relevant Anatomy
  3135. Virtual Hepatectomy
  3136. Future Liver Remnant: Goals and Cutoffs
  3137. Portal Vein Embolization (PVE)
  3138. NONSURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  3139. Anesthetic Management
  3140. Postoperative Considerations
  3141. Bleeding Checklist
  3142. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3143. Patient Positioning
  3144. Port Placement
  3145. Initial Evaluation
  3146. Inflow Control
  3147. Parenchymal Transection
  3148. Indocyanine Green (ICG) Utilization in Liver Resection
  3149. Vascular and Segmental Identification
  3150. Drain Placement
  3151. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3152. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3153. Unplanned Conversion
  3154. Robotic Hepatectomies
  3155. CONCLUSION
  3156. Part B: The Pancreas
  3157. CHAPTER 177: Operative Interventions for Chronic Pancreatitis
  3158. ABSTRACT
  3159. INTRODUCTION
  3160. INITIAL CLINICAL EVALUATION
  3161. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  3162. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3163. Physical Examination
  3164. Laboratory Tests
  3165. Imaging Studies
  3166. INDICATIONS
  3167. Anatomic and Morphologic Subtypes of Chronic Pancreatitis
  3168. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  3169. Resection Operations
  3170. Drainage Operation
  3171. Combined Resection and Drainage Operation
  3172. Total Pancreatectomy
  3173. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3174. Drainage Operations
  3175. Resection and Drainage Operations
  3176. Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation
  3177. Minimally Invasive Surgery
  3178. OUTCOMES
  3179. CHAPTER 178: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Duodenum and Pancreas
  3180. DUODENUM
  3181. PANCREAS
  3182. Parts of Pancreas
  3183. Pancreatic Ducts (Figs. 178.4 and 178.5)
  3184. Blood Supply of Duodenum and Pancreas
  3185. Lymphatic Drainage (Fig. 178.7A)
  3186. Innervation (Fig. 178.7B)
  3187. CHAPTER 179: Parenchyma-sparing, Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection for Inflammatory Tumor, Cystic Neoplasm and Neuroendocrine Adenoma of the Pancreatic Head
  3188. INTRODUCTION
  3189. PANCREATODUODENECTOMY OR DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR BENIGN PANCREATIC HEAD TUMORS?
  3190. SURGERY-ASSOCIATED METABOLIC LATE MORBIDITY AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING DPPHR
  3191. DUODENUM-PRESERVING SUBTOTAL PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR INFLAMMATORY TUMORS OF THE PANCREATIC HEAD IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
  3192. TECHNIQUES OF DPPHR FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
  3193. RESULTS AFTER SUBTOTAL DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
  3194. ADVANTAGES OF DPPHR COMPARED TO PD FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
  3195. INDICATION FOR DPPHR FOR BENIGN IPMN, MCN, AND SPN
  3196. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3197. OUTCOMES
  3198. Results after Duodenum-Preserving Subtotal and Total Pancreatic Head Resection for Cystic Neoplasms
  3199. Contraindication to the Use of DPPHR
  3200. DPPHR for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
  3201. Tumor Enucleation or DPPHR for PNETs?
  3202. Total DPPHR for Periampullary Tumors
  3203. CHAPTER 180: Minimally Invasive/Robotic Pancreatectomy
  3204. INTRODUCTION
  3205. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3206. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3207. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3208. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3209. Patient Selection
  3210. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3211. Robotic Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy
  3212. Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy
  3213. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3214. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3215. OUTCOMES
  3216. Postoperative
  3217. CHAPTER 181: Management of Necrotizing Pancreatitis
  3218. INTRODUCTION
  3219. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3220. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3221. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3222. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3223. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3224. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3225. OUTCOMES
  3226. CHAPTER 182: Management of Complications of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis: Endoscopic, Laparoscopic, and Open Approaches to Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Pancreatic Necrosis
  3227. INTRODUCTION
  3228. PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS
  3229. Indications for Treatment
  3230. Procedural Interventions
  3231. PANCREATIC NECROSIS
  3232. Indications for Treatment
  3233. Procedural Interventions
  3234. Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome
  3235. Percutaneous Drainage or Dual Modality Drainage
  3236. Adverse Events of Endoscopic Drainage Techniques
  3237. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC AND PERIPANCREATIC NECROSIS
  3238. Preoperative Planning
  3239. Surgical Techniques
  3240. Postoperative Care
  3241. Complications
  3242. CHAPTER 183: Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Total Pancreatectomy for Cancer
  3243. INTRODUCTION
  3244. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3245. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3246. Pretreatment Diagnostic Evaluation and Workup
  3247. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS AND MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3248. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3249. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3250. Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Open Approach
  3251. Vascular Resection and Reconstruction
  3252. Management of the Jejunal and Ileal Branches
  3253. Important Arterial Anatomy Variations
  3254. Reconstruction
  3255. Closure
  3256. Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Robotic Approach
  3257. Total Pancreatectomy
  3258. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3259. OUTCOMES
  3260. CHAPTER 184: Splanchnic Denervation of the Pancreas for Intractable Pain
  3261. INTRODUCTION
  3262. ANATOMY
  3263. PAIN MANAGEMENT AND INDICATIONS FOR SPLANCHNIC DENERVATION OF THE PANCREAS
  3264. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
  3265. Open CPN
  3266. Bilateral Thoracoscopic Splanchnicectomy
  3267. CONCLUSION
  3268. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3269. CHAPTER 185: Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
  3270. INTRODUCTION
  3271. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3272. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3273. Symptoms and Diagnosis
  3274. Pathologic Diagnosis, Classification, and Grading
  3275. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3276. Systemic Therapy
  3277. Liver-Directed Regional Therapy
  3278. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  3279. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3280. Serum Tumor Markers
  3281. Preoperative Staging
  3282. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3283. Surgery for Localized NF-PNET
  3284. Minimally Invasive Versus Open Technique
  3285. Surgery for Metastatic NF-PNET
  3286. Hepatic Resection and Ablation
  3287. Transplantation
  3288. RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SURGERY
  3289. Locally Advanced Disease
  3290. Incidental Small (<2 cm) NF-PNETS
  3291. PNEC and High-Grade (G3) NF-PNET
  3292. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3293. Gastrinoma
  3294. Insulinoma
  3295. Rare Functional Endocrine Tumors
  3296. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PNET IN INHERITED SYNDROMES
  3297. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Syndrome
  3298. Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
  3299. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1)
  3300. OUTCOMES
  3301. SUMMARY
  3302. Part C: The Spleen
  3303. CHAPTER 186: Benign Disease of the Spleen
  3304. INTRODUCTION
  3305. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3306. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3307. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3308. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3309. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3310. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3311. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3312. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3313. OUTCOMES
  3314. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3315. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3316. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3317. OUTCOMES
  3318. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3319. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3320. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3321. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3322. COMPLICATIONS
  3323. Outcomes
  3324. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3325. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3326. MEDICAL THERAPIES
  3327. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3328. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3329. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3330. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3331. OUTCOMES
  3332. CHAPTER 187: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Spleen
  3333. VASCULAR SUPPLY
  3334. INNERVATION AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
  3335. CHAPTER 188: Splenectomy for Hematologic Disease and Malignant Conditions of the Spleen
  3336. INTRODUCTION
  3337. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3338. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3339. Diagnostic Biopsy for Lymphoma
  3340. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3341. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3342. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3343. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3344. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3345. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3346. OUTCOMES
  3347. CHAPTER 189: Minimally Invasive Splenectomy
  3348. INTRODUCTION
  3349. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3350. Role in Infection and Immunity
  3351. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  3352. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3353. Benign Hematologic Conditions
  3354. Malignant Conditions
  3355. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3356. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3357. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3358. Patient Positioning
  3359. Multiport Laparoscopic Splenectomy (LS)
  3360. Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Splenectomy (HALS)
  3361. Single-Port Access Splenectomy (SPA)
  3362. Robotic Splenectomy
  3363. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3364. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  3365. COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES
  3366. SECTION X: Solid Organ Transplantation
  3367. Part A: General Considerations in Organ Transplantation
  3368. CHAPTER 190: Immunosuppression in Organ Transplantation
  3369. INTRODUCTION
  3370. PHYSIOLOGIC IMMUNITY AND ALLOIMMUNITY
  3371. Innate Immunity
  3372. Antigen Recognition
  3373. T-Cell Production
  3374. T-Cell Function and Immune Regulation
  3375. Costimulation
  3376. B-Cell Maturation and Function
  3377. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3378. Rejection
  3379. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
  3380. Corticosteroids
  3381. Purine Analogs
  3382. Calcineurin Inhibitors
  3383. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors
  3384. Lymphocyte-Depleting Agents
  3385. Costimulation Blockade
  3386. Additional Immunomodulating Therapies
  3387. OUTCOMES
  3388. CHAPTER 191: Multiorgan Donor Recovery
  3389. INTRODUCTION
  3390. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3391. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3392. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3393. Positioning
  3394. Preparation
  3395. Surgery
  3396. Liver Recovery
  3397. Pancreas Recovery
  3398. Kidney Recovery
  3399. Vessel Recovery/Closure
  3400. Part B: Portal Hypertension
  3401. CHAPTER 192: Anatomy of the Portal System and Experience With Portacaval Shunt
  3402. INTRODUCTION
  3403. DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY
  3404. APPLIED ANATOMY
  3405. Portosystemic Shunts
  3406. AUTHOR’S EXPERIENCE WITH PORTACAVAL SHUNT
  3407. Emergency Portacaval Shunt
  3408. Elective Portacaval Shunt
  3409. Extrahepatic Portal Hypertension
  3410. Budd–Chiari Syndrome
  3411. EXPLODING SOME MYTHS
  3412. PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY
  3413. HEPATIC RESECTION
  3414. IMAGING PORTAL ANATOMY
  3415. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3416. CHAPTER 193: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Portal Venous System
  3417. CHAPTER 194: Endoscopic Therapy in the Management of Esophageal Varices
  3418. PORTAL HYPERTENSION
  3419. Cause
  3420. Natural History
  3421. Treatment Principles
  3422. MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VARICEAL BLEEDING
  3423. Choice of Therapy
  3424. General Strategy
  3425. Initial Measures
  3426. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
  3427. Emergency Endoscopy and Immediate Endoscopic Therapy
  3428. FAILED EMERGENCY ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
  3429. BALLOON TUBE TAMPONADE
  3430. ESOPHAGEAL STENT PLACEMENT
  3431. ALTERNATIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
  3432. LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT
  3433. Evaluation of Liver Function
  3434. Injection Sclerotherapy
  3435. Esophageal Variceal Ligation
  3436. ALTERNATIVE LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
  3437. Pharmacologic Therapy
  3438. SURGICAL SHUNTS
  3439. Devascularization and Transection Operations
  3440. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
  3441. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
  3442. INJECTION SCLEROTHERAPY
  3443. Technical Variants
  3444. Elective Sclerotherapy Technique
  3445. EMERGENCY SCLEROTHERAPY
  3446. Intravariceal Injection
  3447. Combined Paravariceal and Intravariceal Injection
  3448. COMPLICATIONS
  3449. ENDOSCOPIC VARICEAL BAND LIGATION
  3450. Single Band Application
  3451. Multiband Application
  3452. COMPLICATIONS
  3453. GASTRIC VARICES
  3454. Endoscopic Therapy for Gastric Varices
  3455. CONCLUSION
  3456. CHAPTER 195: Small-Diameter Prosthetic Interposition Shunt
  3457. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS FOR SMALL-DIAMETER PROSTHETIC H-GRAFT PORTACAVAL SHUNTS
  3458. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3459. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3460. CHAPTER 196: Distal Splenorenal Shunts: Hemodynamics of Total Versus Selective Shunting
  3461. INTRODUCTION
  3462. INDICATIONS
  3463. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3464. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3465. MODIFICATION OF THE DSRS OPERATION
  3466. Temporary Clamping of the Splenic Artery
  3467. Renosplenic End-to-Side Shunt
  3468. Splenocaval Shunt
  3469. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  3470. QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED ABOUT THE SELECTIVE SHUNT
  3471. How Effective is the Shunt in Preventing Rebleeding?
  3472. What is the Incidence of Shunt Occlusion?
  3473. Is There a Role for the Selective Shunt in Patients with Ascites?
  3474. What is the Incidence of Encephalopathy After the Selective Shunt?
  3475. How Durable is Selectivity of the Selective Shunt?
  3476. Is There a Difference in Survival after Selective as Opposed to Total Shunt Operation?
  3477. Operative Technique for CSRS
  3478. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  3479. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3480. CHAPTER 197: Central Splenorenal Shunts
  3481. INTRODUCTION
  3482. CENTRAL SPLENORENAL SHUNT
  3483. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3484. CHAPTER 198: TIPS and Other Direct Treatments of Portal Hypertension for Solid Organ Transplantation
  3485. INTRODUCTION TO PORTAL HYPERTENSION
  3486. COMPLICATIONS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
  3487. Ascites
  3488. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  3489. Other Complications of Portal Hypertension
  3490. ABDOMINAL SURGERIES IN PATIENTS WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION
  3491. TIPS PROCEDURE
  3492. Indications and Contraindications
  3493. Outcomes of TIPS
  3494. Preprocedural Planning for TIPS
  3495. TIPS Technique
  3496. Postprocedural Care After TIPS
  3497. Direct Inferior Vena Cava to Portal Vein Shunt (DIPS)
  3498. Variceal Embolization Techniques: Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO), Plug-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (PARTO), Coil-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (CARTO)
  3499. Complications of TIPS
  3500. PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC
  3501. Epidemiology
  3502. Liver Transplant in PVT
  3503. Impact of TIPS and PVT Recanalization on Liver Transplant
  3504. SUMMARY
  3505. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3506. Part C: The Liver and Biliary Tract
  3507. CHAPTER 199: Complex Hepatic Resection for Primary and Metastatic Tumors
  3508. INTRODUCTION
  3509. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3510. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3511. ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
  3512. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3513. Patient Positioning Incision and Exposure
  3514. Hepatic Artery Resection
  3515. Portal Vein Reconstruction
  3516. Hepatic Vein Reconstruction
  3517. IVC Reconstruction
  3518. Cold Perfusion Techniques
  3519. In Situ Hypothermic Perfusion
  3520. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3521. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3522. OUTCOMES
  3523. CHAPTER 200: Regional Therapies for Hepatic Malignancies
  3524. INTRODUCTION
  3525. IMAGE-GUIDED LOCOREGIONAL CANCER THERAPIES
  3526. Thermal Ablation
  3527. Transarterial Embolization
  3528. Transarterial Chemoembolization
  3529. Transarterial Radioembolization
  3530. BRIDGING TO LIVER TRANSPLANT
  3531. Bridging With Thermal Ablation
  3532. Bridging With TACE
  3533. Bridging With TARE
  3534. DOWNSTAGING TO TRANSPLANT
  3535. Downstaging With Thermal Ablation
  3536. Downstaging With TACE
  3537. Downstaging With TARE
  3538. CONVERSION TO RESECTION CANDIDACY
  3539. DEFINITIVE REGIONAL TREATMENTS FOR PATIENTS UNABLE TO RECEIVE RESECTION OR TRANSPLANTATION
  3540. Definitive Treatment With Thermal Ablation
  3541. Definitive Treatment With TACE
  3542. Definitive Treatment With TARE
  3543. CONCLUSION
  3544. CHAPTER 201: Management of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
  3545. INTRODUCTION
  3546. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3547. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3548. Preoperative Planning
  3549. Portal Vein Embolization
  3550. Preoperative Drainage of FLR
  3551. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3552. Role of Neoadjuvant Treatment
  3553. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3554. Resection
  3555. Liver Transplantation
  3556. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3557. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
  3558. Waitlist Management
  3559. Technical Considerations
  3560. Allograft Selection
  3561. Common Complications
  3562. OUTCOMES
  3563. CHAPTER 202: Liver Transplantation for HCC
  3564. INTRODUCTION
  3565. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3566. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3567. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3568. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3569. Transplant Eligibility
  3570. Bridge to Transplant
  3571. Transplant Prioritization
  3572. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3573. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3574. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3575. CONCLUSION
  3576. CHAPTER 203: Liver Transplant for Non-HCC Malignancy
  3577. INTRODUCTION
  3578. Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA)
  3579. Hepatoblastoma
  3580. Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
  3581. Liver Metastasis from Neuroendocrine Tumors (MNETs)
  3582. Colorectal Liver Metastasis
  3583. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3584. OUTCOMES
  3585. CHAPTER 204: Living Donor Liver Transplant
  3586. INTRODUCTION
  3587. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3588. Indications/Contraindications
  3589. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3590. Donor Evaluation
  3591. Recipient Evaluation
  3592. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  3593. Donor Surgical Considerations
  3594. Recipient Surgical Considerations
  3595. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3596. Donor Surgical Technique
  3597. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3598. Donor Postoperative Care
  3599. Recipient Postoperative Care
  3600. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3601. Donor Complications
  3602. Recipient Complications
  3603. OUTCOMES
  3604. Donor Outcomes and Long-Term Follow-Up
  3605. Recipient Outcomes and Long-Term Follow-Up
  3606. CHAPTER 205: Liver Transplant in Children
  3607. INTRODUCTION
  3608. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3609. Indications
  3610. Contraindications
  3611. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3612. Waitlist Ranking and Listing
  3613. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3614. Recipient Operation
  3615. Graft Implantation
  3616. Reduced-Size and Split Liver Transplantation
  3617. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3618. Immunosuppression
  3619. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3620. Rejection
  3621. CHAPTER 206: Early and Late Complications of Liver Transplant
  3622. INTRODUCTION
  3623. SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
  3624. Primary Allograft Nonfunction
  3625. Bleeding and Coagulopathy
  3626. Vascular Complications
  3627. Arterial Complications
  3628. Portal Venous Complications
  3629. Hepatic Venous Complications
  3630. Biliary Complications
  3631. Biliary Leaks
  3632. Biliary Strictures
  3633. MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS
  3634. Renal Complications
  3635. Immunologic Complications
  3636. Malignancy
  3637. Infectious Complications
  3638. Metabolic Complications
  3639. Neurologic and Psychiatric Complications
  3640. Recurrent Disease
  3641. SUMMARY
  3642. Part D: Pancreas
  3643. CHAPTER 207: Pancreas Transplantation
  3644. INTRODUCTION
  3645. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3646. Indications and Types of Pancreas Transplant
  3647. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3648. Evaluation of the Recipient
  3649. Evaluation of the Donor
  3650. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3651. Donor Pancreatectomy
  3652. BACK TABLE PREPARATION OF THE PANCREAS ALLOGRAFT
  3653. Pancreas Allograft Implantation
  3654. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3655. Immunosuppression and Monitoring of Graft Function
  3656. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  3657. Vascular Thrombosis
  3658. Infectious Complications
  3659. Bowel Obstruction
  3660. Bleeding
  3661. OUTCOMES
  3662. CONCLUSION
  3663. Part E: Renal
  3664. CHAPTER 208: Renal Transplantation: Living Donor and Cadaveric
  3665. INTRODUCTION
  3666. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3667. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3668. Assessing Risk of Surgery
  3669. Assessing Suitability for Arterial and Venous Anastomoses
  3670. Bladder Functionality
  3671. Risk of Immunosuppression
  3672. Psychosocial Considerations
  3673. Immunologic Assessment
  3674. LIVING DONOR EVALUATION
  3675. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3676. Allograft Preparation
  3677. Standard Retroperitoneal Approach
  3678. Special Considerations
  3679. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3680. Open Living Donor Nephrectomy
  3681. Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy
  3682. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3683. Immunosuppression
  3684. Hemodialysis in the Perioperative Setting
  3685. Follow-Up
  3686. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3687. Role for Biopsies
  3688. Technical Complications
  3689. OUTCOMES
  3690. CHAPTER 209: Peritoneal Dialysis
  3691. INTRODUCTION
  3692. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3693. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3694. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3695. Type of PD Catheters
  3696. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3697. PD Catheter Insertion Techniques
  3698. Catheter Length Selection
  3699. Insertion Site and Tunnel Marking
  3700. Open Surgical Technique
  3701. Laparoscopic Technique
  3702. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3703. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3704. Early Technical Complications
  3705. Other Catheter-Specific Early Complications
  3706. Special Considerations
  3707. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
  3708. Use of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Perioperative Setting/Post Kidney Transplantation
  3709. Removal of PD Catheter
  3710. OUTCOMES
  3711. SECTION XI: Abdominal Core Health
  3712. Part A: Practical Considerations
  3713. CHAPTER 210: Abdominal Core Health—A Holistic Approach to an Old Problem
  3714. CHAPTER 211: Optimizing Patients for Abdominal Core Surgery
  3715. INTRODUCTION
  3716. OBESITY
  3717. SMOKING
  3718. DIABETES
  3719. PREOPERATIVE CHLORHEXEDINE SOAP
  3720. BOWEL PREPARATION
  3721. LOSS OF DOMAIN ADJUNCTS
  3722. BOTULINUM TOXIN
  3723. PROGRESSIVE PREOPERATIVE PNEUMOPERITONEUM
  3724. CONCLUSIONS
  3725. CHAPTER 212: Abdominal Core Rehabilitation
  3726. INTRODUCTION
  3727. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3728. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3729. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3730. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3731. OUTCOMES
  3732. Part B: Optimizing Abdominal Wall Closure and Hernia Prevention to Reduce Abdominal Core Dysfunction
  3733. CHAPTER 213: Hernia Prophylaxis of the Midline Abdominal Incision
  3734. INTRODUCTION
  3735. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3736. Incisional Hernia Formation and Fascial Closure
  3737. Suture Material Choice
  3738. Interrupted and Continuous Techniques
  3739. Needle Selection
  3740. Suture Gauge
  3741. Knot Selection
  3742. Suture Length to Wound Length Ratio
  3743. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3744. Indications
  3745. Contraindications
  3746. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3747. Identifying the High-Risk Patient for Midline Incisional Hernia Formation
  3748. Managing Midline Laparotomies in the High-Risk Patient
  3749. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3750. Small Bites Technique With a High Suture Length to Wound Length Ratio
  3751. Self-Locking Knot Technique
  3752. Prophylactic Mesh Augmentation
  3753. Retention Sutures
  3754. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3755. Abdominal Binders
  3756. Lifting Restrictions
  3757. Abdominal Core Health Programs
  3758. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3759. Small Bite Technique With a High Suture Length to Wound Length Ratio
  3760. Prophylactic Mesh Augmentation
  3761. OUTCOMES
  3762. Small Bite Technique With a High Suture Length to Wound Length Ratio
  3763. Prophylactic Mesh Augmentation
  3764. CHAPTER 214: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
  3765. COMPONENTS OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL
  3766. INNERVATION
  3767. Lateral Cutaneous Branches
  3768. Anterior Cutaneous Branches
  3769. Arterial Supply
  3770. Venous Drainage
  3771. Lymphatic Drainage
  3772. MUSCLES
  3773. External Oblique
  3774. Internal Oblique
  3775. Transversus Abdominis
  3776. Rectus Abdominis
  3777. Pyramidalis
  3778. CHAPTER 215: Hernia Prophylaxis of Stoma Sites
  3779. INTRODUCTION
  3780. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3781. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3782. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3783. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3784. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3785. OUTCOMES
  3786. Part C: Intrinsic Diseases of the Abdominal Wall
  3787. CHAPTER 216: Open Approaches for Ventral Hernia
  3788. INTRODUCTION
  3789. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3790. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3791. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3792. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3793. Preoperative Optimization
  3794. Imaging and Operative Review
  3795. Surgical Adjuncts to Increase Abdominal Space
  3796. Mesh Use and Indications
  3797. Concurrent Surgeries
  3798. PERIOPERATIVE CARE
  3799. Infection Prophylaxis
  3800. Pain Control
  3801. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: PRIMARY REPAIR
  3802. Umbilical and Epigastric Hernias
  3803. Primary Umbilical Hernia Repair
  3804. Primary Epigastric Hernia Repair
  3805. Open Primary Incisional Hernia Repair
  3806. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: MESH-BASED REPAIRS
  3807. Mesh Position
  3808. Mesh Fixation
  3809. Mesh-Based Umbilical and Epigastric Hernia Repair
  3810. Open Preperitoneal Repair
  3811. Open Intraperitoneal Repair
  3812. Open Midline Incisional Hernias
  3813. Open Mesh Incisional Hernia Repair
  3814. MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUES
  3815. External Oblique Release
  3816. Rives–Stoppa Retrorectus Release
  3817. Transversus Abdominis Release
  3818. Off-Midline Hernias
  3819. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3820. Pain Control
  3821. Activity
  3822. Abdominal Binder
  3823. Drain Management
  3824. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3825. Seroma and Hematoma
  3826. Mesh infection and Erosion
  3827. Hernia Recurrence
  3828. Respiratory Decompensation
  3829. OUTCOMES
  3830. Factors Affecting Recurrence After Repair
  3831. Long-Term Outcomes
  3832. CHAPTER 217: Minimally Invasive Approaches for Ventral Hernia
  3833. INTRODUCTION
  3834. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3835. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3836. INDICATIONS
  3837. CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3838. Relative Contraindications
  3839. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3840. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3841. Laparoscopic Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh
  3842. Robotic-Assisted Approaches to Minimally Invasive Ventral Hernia Repair
  3843. Robotic IPOM
  3844. Robotic-Assisted Single-Dock Rives–Stoppa
  3845. Robotic eTEP
  3846. Robotic Transversus Abdominis Release (TAR)
  3847. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3848. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3849. Linea Semilunaris Disruption
  3850. Missed Enterotomy
  3851. Intraparietal Hernia
  3852. OUTCOMES
  3853. CHAPTER 218: Complex Situations in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
  3854. CONTAMINATED OPERATIVE FIELD
  3855. PARASTOMAL HERNIA
  3856. Stoma Reversal
  3857. Permanent Stoma
  3858. SUMMARY
  3859. CHAPTER 219: Diastasis of the Abdominal Wall
  3860. INTRODUCTION
  3861. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3862. Etiology
  3863. Pathophysiology
  3864. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3865. Patient-Reported Physical Symptoms
  3866. Clinical Findings
  3867. Radiologic Findings
  3868. Self-Report Forms
  3869. Concomitant Hernias
  3870. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3871. Abdominal Core Stabilizing Training
  3872. Surgery
  3873. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3874. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3875. Patient Selection
  3876. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3877. Open Repairs
  3878. Minimally Invasive Repairs
  3879. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3880. Postoperative Drainage
  3881. Pain Management
  3882. Nutrition
  3883. Postoperative Rehabilitation
  3884. Abdominal Binder
  3885. POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
  3886. OUTCOMES
  3887. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  3888. CHAPTER 220: Open Approaches With Mesh for Inguinofemoral Hernia
  3889. INTRODUCTION
  3890. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3891. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3892. Lichtenstein–Amid Repair Technique
  3893. PLUG AND PATCH TECHNIQUE
  3894. PROLENE HERNIA SYSTEM REPAIR
  3895. OPEN PREPERITONEAL REPAIRS
  3896. TRANSINGUINAL/TRANSRECTUS SHEATH PREPERITONEAL SUBLAY REPAIR (TIPP/TREPP)
  3897. TRANSRECTUS SHEATH PREPERITONEAL (TREPP) REPAIR
  3898. OUTCOMES
  3899. CHAPTER 221: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Inguinal and Femoral Hernias
  3900. HERNIAS
  3901. Inguinal Hernias
  3902. Femoral Canal and Femoral Hernias
  3903. CHAPTER 222: Open Tissue-Based Approaches for Inguinofemoral Hernia
  3904. INTRODUCTION
  3905. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INGUINAL HERNIA
  3906. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3907. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3908. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3909. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3910. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3911. Common Steps
  3912. Detailed Descriptions
  3913. Full Shouldice
  3914. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—PURE TISSUE INGUINAL HERNIA—CRITICAL STEPS
  3915. Mobilization of the External Oblique
  3916. Nerve Identification and Handling
  3917. Role of Neurectomy
  3918. Separation and Division of the Cremaster Muscle
  3919. High Ligation of the Hernia Sac
  3920. Relaxing Incision and Suturing Techniques
  3921. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3922. COMPLICATIONS
  3923. After Inguinal Hernia Repair
  3924. OUTCOMES
  3925. Long-Term Results and Value
  3926. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  3927. CHAPTER 223: Minimally Invasive Approaches for Inguinofemoral Hernia
  3928. INTRODUCTION
  3929. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3930. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3931. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3932. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3933. Totally Extraperitoneal Approach
  3934. Transabdominal Pre-Peritoneal Approach
  3935. Preperitoneal Anatomy
  3936. Critical View of the Myopectineal Orifice
  3937. Mesh Placement
  3938. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3939. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3940. OUTCOMES
  3941. CHAPTER 224: Mastery Keys: Minimally Invasive Inguinal or Femoral Hernia Repair
  3942. CHAPTER 225: Athletic Pubalgia and Core Muscle Injury
  3943. INTRODUCTION
  3944. TERMINOLOGY
  3945. ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  3946. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  3947. Pubis-Related
  3948. Inguinal-Related
  3949. Adductor-Related
  3950. Iliopsoas-Related
  3951. Hip-Related
  3952. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3953. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND OUTCOMES
  3954. Open Primary Tissue Repair
  3955. Open Tension-Free Mesh Repair
  3956. Laparoscopic Posterior Mesh Repairs
  3957. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/REHABILITATION
  3958. Part D: Extrinsic Diseases of the Abdominal Wall
  3959. CHAPTER 226: Prosthetics, Fixation, and Treatment Related Complications
  3960. INTRODUCTION
  3961. MESH CONSTRUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
  3962. COMPLICATIONS COMMONLY RELATED TO MESH PLACEMENT
  3963. Seroma
  3964. Migration
  3965. Eventration
  3966. Mesh Infection
  3967. Chronic Groin Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair
  3968. Chronic Pain after Ventral and Incisional Hernia Repair
  3969. Primary Mesh Failure
  3970. Secondary Mesh Failure
  3971. FIXATION METHODS AND COMPLICATIONS
  3972. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  3973. CHAPTER 227: Chronic Inguinal Pain: Treatment and Prevention
  3974. INTRODUCTION
  3975. ETIOLOGY
  3976. Inguinal Neuroanatomy
  3977. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  3978. Clinical Evaluation of CPIP
  3979. Imaging
  3980. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  3981. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  3982. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  3983. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  3984. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  3985. Open Neurectomy
  3986. Open Inguinal Mesh Removal
  3987. Minimally Invasive Inguinal Mesh Removal
  3988. Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Triple Neurectomy
  3989. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  3990. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  3991. OUTCOMES
  3992. PREVENTION
  3993. CONCLUSION
  3994. Part E: Tumors of the Abdominal Wall
  3995. CHAPTER 228: Benign Tumors of the Abdominal Wall
  3996. INTRODUCTION
  3997. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
  3998. Benign Histopathologic Tumors
  3999. Abdominal Wall Hernia
  4000. Infections and Inflammatory Masses
  4001. Hematoma
  4002. Epidermoid Cyst (Sebaceous Cyst)
  4003. Gynecologic Pathology
  4004. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT, DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT
  4005. Historical Assessment
  4006. Examination
  4007. Adjunctive Imaging and Diagnostic Testing
  4008. OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
  4009. CONCLUSION
  4010. CHAPTER 229: Malignant Tumors of the Abdominal Wall
  4011. INTRODUCTION
  4012. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4013. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4014. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4015. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SURGERY
  4016. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4017. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4018. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4019. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4020. OUTCOMES
  4021. CLINICAL CASE
  4022. SECTION XII: Vascular Surgery
  4023. Part A: Cerebrovascular Disease
  4024. CHAPTER 230: Carotid Bifurcation Disease: Carotid Endarterectomy, Transfemoral Stenting, and Transcarotid Artery Revascularization
  4025. INTRODUCTION
  4026. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4027. Epidemiology
  4028. Etiology
  4029. Pathophysiology
  4030. Risk Factors
  4031. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4032. TIA
  4033. Stroke
  4034. Amaurosis Fugax
  4035. Miscellaneous Circumstances
  4036. BEST MEDICAL THERAPY
  4037. Antiplatelet Therapy
  4038. Antihypertensive Therapy
  4039. Statin Therapy
  4040. Other Risk Factor Modifications
  4041. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF SURGERY AND STENTING
  4042. Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease
  4043. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease
  4044. Special Circumstances
  4045. Timing of Intervention
  4046. CEA Versus TFCAS Versus TCAR
  4047. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4048. History and Physical Examination
  4049. Preoperative Assessment
  4050. Preoperative Medications
  4051. Radiologic Imaging
  4052. SURGICAL AND ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUES
  4053. CEA
  4054. TFCAS
  4055. TCAR
  4056. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4057. Postoperative Course
  4058. Postoperative Surveillance
  4059. COMPLICATIONS
  4060. Complications of CEA
  4061. Complications of TFCAS
  4062. Complications of TCAR
  4063. Recurrent Carotid Stenosis
  4064. OUTCOMES
  4065. CEA + BMT Versus BMT Alone
  4066. CEA Versus TFCAS
  4067. TCAR
  4068. CONCLUSIONS
  4069. CHAPTER 231: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Carotid Arteries
  4070. COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND CAROTID BIFURCATION
  4071. SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES AND SURGICAL EXPOSURE
  4072. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (Fig. 231.2)
  4073. VAGUS NERVE, CAROTID ARTERIES, AND RELATED STRUCTURES (FIGS. 231.2, 231.3, 231.4B)
  4074. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (FIGS. 231.1B, 231.2, 231.3)
  4075. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (FIGS. 231.1B, 231.2, 231.3, 231.4B)
  4076. CHAPTER 232: Brachiocephalic Reconstruction: Open and Endovascular
  4077. INTRODUCTION
  4078. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4079. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4080. DIAGNOSIS
  4081. PATIENT SELECTION FOR INTERVENTION
  4082. OPEN SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION
  4083. MEDIAN STERNOTOMY
  4084. EXPOSURE OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC VESSELS
  4085. CLAMPING THE AORTA
  4086. INNOMINATE ENDARTERECTOMY
  4087. BYPASS GRAFTS
  4088. DIRECT RECONSTRUCTION OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC ANEURYSM
  4089. CAROTID SUBCLAVIAN BYPASS
  4090. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY TRANSPOSITION
  4091. ENDOVASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION
  4092. LEFT SUBCLAVIAN INTERVENTION
  4093. INNOMINATE ARTERY INTERVENTION
  4094. LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY INTERVENTION
  4095. COMBINED INTERNAL AND COMMON CAROTID DISEASE
  4096. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  4097. OUTCOMES
  4098. Part B: Aneurysm Disease
  4099. CHAPTER 233: Open Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
  4100. INTRODUCTION
  4101. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4102. Degenerative
  4103. Chronic Aortic Dissection
  4104. Connective Tissue Disorders
  4105. Less Common Etiologies
  4106. CLASSIFICATION AND NATURAL HISTORY
  4107. Classification
  4108. Natural History
  4109. Indications for Intervention
  4110. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4111. Clinical Presentation
  4112. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4113. Diagnostic Imaging
  4114. Patient Selection
  4115. Preoperative Evaluation
  4116. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  4117. Treatment Options
  4118. Perioperative Mechanical Circulatory Support
  4119. Spinal Cord Protection
  4120. TECHNICAL CONDUCT OF OPERATION
  4121. Operating Room Setup
  4122. Operative Exposure
  4123. Cannulation and Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
  4124. Conduct of Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest and Proximal Reconstruction
  4125. Management of Intercostal Arteries
  4126. Visceral Reconstruction
  4127. Distal Reconstruction
  4128. Cardiopulmonary Bypass Termination and Hemostasis
  4129. Closure
  4130. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4131. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  4132. Operative Mortality
  4133. Spinal Cord Ischemia
  4134. Pulmonary Complications
  4135. Acute Kidney Injury
  4136. Long-Term Outcomes
  4137. CHAPTER 234: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Aorta
  4138. THORACIC AORTA
  4139. Ascending Aorta (Fig. 234.1)
  4140. Arch of Aorta (Figs. 234.1, and 234.2)
  4141. Thoracic (Descending) Aorta (Figs. 234.2 to 234.4)
  4142. Abdominal Aorta (Figs. 234.5, 234.6 and 234.7)
  4143. Iliac Arteries (Figs. 234.5 and 234.6)
  4144. CHAPTER 235: Open Infrarenal and Pararenal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
  4145. INTRODUCTION
  4146. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4147. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4148. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4149. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4150. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4151. Transabdominal Approach
  4152. Retroperitoneal Approach
  4153. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS
  4154. CHAPTER 236: Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
  4155. INTRODUCTION
  4156. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4157. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
  4158. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4159. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4160. Imaging
  4161. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  4162. Aortic Neck
  4163. Distal Aorta
  4164. Access Vessels
  4165. Common Iliac Arteries/Distal Seal Zone
  4166. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4167. Device Selection
  4168. Operative Technique
  4169. Adjuncts
  4170. COMPLICATIONS
  4171. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4172. POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE
  4173. OUTCOMES
  4174. CHAPTER 237: Femoral and Popliteal Artery Aneurysms
  4175. INTRODUCTION
  4176. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4177. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4178. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4179. Surgical Therapy and Preoperative Planning
  4180. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4181. OUTCOMES
  4182. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4183. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4184. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4185. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT
  4186. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4187. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4188. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4189. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4190. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4191. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4192. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4193. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT
  4194. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4195. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4196. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4197. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT
  4198. Open Surgical Technique
  4199. Endovascular Surgical Approach
  4200. OUTCOMES
  4201. CHAPTER 238: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Femoral and Popliteal Arteries
  4202. FEMORAL ARTERY
  4203. POPLITEAL ARTERY
  4204. CHAPTER 239: Treatment of Splenic Artery Aneurysms: Open and Endovascular
  4205. INTRODUCTION
  4206. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4207. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4208. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4209. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4210. OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4211. ENDOVASCULAR SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4212. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4213. OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
  4214. Part C: Chronic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease
  4215. CHAPTER 240: Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Open Operations
  4216. INTRODUCTION
  4217. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4218. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4219. MEDICAL THERAPY
  4220. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4221. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4222. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4223. Aortofemoral Bypass
  4224. Retroperitoneal Approach to the Aorta
  4225. Femoral–Femoral Bypass
  4226. Axillofemoral Bypass
  4227. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4228. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4229. OUTCOMES
  4230. Long-Term Follow-Up
  4231. CHAPTER 241: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Endovascular Including FERIS
  4232. INTRODUCTION
  4233. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4234. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4235. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4236. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4237. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4238. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF ILIAC ARTERY DISEASE
  4239. Candidacy for a Percutaneous Endovascular Approach
  4240. Positioning
  4241. Access
  4242. Crossing the Lesion
  4243. Treatment of Common Iliac Disease
  4244. Isolated Common Iliac Artery Disease
  4245. Treatment of External Iliac Artery Disease
  4246. Closure Devices
  4247. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: FERIS
  4248. Candidacy for FERIS
  4249. Positioning
  4250. Surgical Incision
  4251. Exposure of the Common Femoral Artery
  4252. Wire Access
  4253. Femoral Endarterectomy
  4254. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: TREATMENT OF INFRARENAL AORTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
  4255. Endovascular Treatment of the Infrarenal Aorta
  4256. Endologix AFX Device
  4257. Other Techniques
  4258. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ADJUNCTIVE TECHNIQUES
  4259. Reentry Devices
  4260. Contralateral Femoral Access
  4261. Brachial Artery Access
  4262. Balloon Inflow Control
  4263. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4264. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  4265. Iliac Artery Rupture
  4266. Thrombosis
  4267. Hematoma
  4268. Wound Infection
  4269. OUTCOMES
  4270. CHAPTER 242: Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Open
  4271. INTRODUCTION
  4272. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4273. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4274. Diagnosis
  4275. Clinical Presentation
  4276. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
  4277. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4278. Indications for Infrainguinal Bypass
  4279. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4280. Selection of Inflow Artery
  4281. Selection of Outflow (Target) Artery
  4282. Preoperative Assessment of Vein Quality
  4283. Conduit Selection
  4284. ANATOMY
  4285. Surgical Anatomy of the Femoral, Popliteal, and Tibial Arteries
  4286. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4287. Operative Technique for GSV, SSV, and Arm Vein Harvest
  4288. Construction of a Spliced Vein Bypass
  4289. Operative Technique for Femoral to Above-Knee Popliteal Bypass
  4290. Operative Technique for Femoral to Below-Knee Popliteal Bypass
  4291. Operative Technique for Tibial Bypass
  4292. Intraoperative Bypass Graft Assessment
  4293. Wound Closure
  4294. Alternative Inflow Sources
  4295. Intraoperative Troubleshooting and Pitfalls
  4296. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4297. Graft Thrombosis
  4298. Bleeding
  4299. Infection and Lymphatic Leak
  4300. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  4301. OUTCOMES
  4302. In Situ or RSVG
  4303. CONCLUSIONS
  4304. CHAPTER 243: Endovascular Therapy for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease
  4305. INTRODUCTION
  4306. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4307. PREPROCEDURE PLANNING
  4308. PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUE
  4309. Arterial Access and Diagnostic Imaging
  4310. Crossing the Lesion
  4311. Intervention
  4312. Postprocedure Care
  4313. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4314. OUTCOMES
  4315. Femoropopliteal Disease Outcomes
  4316. Tibial Disease Outcomes
  4317. SUMMARY
  4318. CHAPTER 244: Major and Minor Lower Extremity Amputation
  4319. INTRODUCTION
  4320. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4321. TREATMENT
  4322. Multidisciplinary Approach
  4323. Avoiding Amputation
  4324. Timing of Revascularization in the Setting of Minor Amputation
  4325. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4326. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4327. Determination of Amputation Level
  4328. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4329. Basic Principles
  4330. MINOR AMPUTATIONS
  4331. Preoperative Considerations
  4332. Partial Toe Amputation
  4333. Ray Amputation
  4334. Transmetatarsal Amputation
  4335. MAJOR AMPUTATIONS
  4336. Preoperative Considerations
  4337. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION (OR TRANSTIBIAL AMPUTATION)
  4338. Guillotine Amputation
  4339. Long Posterior Myocutaneous Flap (Burgess)
  4340. Skew Flap Transtibial Amputation
  4341. ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION
  4342. Through-Knee or Knee Disarticulation
  4343. Transfemoral Amputation
  4344. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/COMPLICATIONS
  4345. Minor Amputations
  4346. Major Amputations
  4347. OUTCOMES
  4348. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  4349. CHAPTER 245: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Lower Extremity Amputations
  4350. ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION (Fig. 245.1)
  4351. Below-Knee Amputation (Fig. 245.2)
  4352. CHAPTER 246: The Prevention and Treatment of Problems With the Diabetic Foot
  4353. INTRODUCTION
  4354. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4355. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4356. MANAGEMENT
  4357. IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTION
  4358. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE OF THE DIABETIC FOOT WOUND
  4359. SUMMARY
  4360. Part D: Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia
  4361. CHAPTER 247: Arterial Embolectomy and Lower Extremity Fasciotomy
  4362. INTRODUCTION
  4363. ETIOLOGY
  4364. DIAGNOSIS, PRESENTATION, AND CLASSIFICATION
  4365. OPEN VERSUS ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY
  4366. PERIOPERATIVE MEDICAL THERAPY FOR ACUTE LIMB ISCHEMIA
  4367. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  4368. Embolectomy Catheter Basics
  4369. Surgical Technique for Embolectomy
  4370. Surgical Technique for Fasciotomy
  4371. Postoperative Care and Complications
  4372. CHAPTER 248: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Fascial Compartments of Lower Extremity
  4373. THIGH
  4374. Anterior Compartment
  4375. Medial (Adductor) Compartment
  4376. Posterior Compartment
  4377. Leg
  4378. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
  4379. LATERAL COMPARTMENT
  4380. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
  4381. Superficial Posterior Compartment
  4382. Deep Posterior Compartment
  4383. Part E: Mesenteric and Renal Artery Disease
  4384. CHAPTER 249: Renal Artery Occlusive Disease: Open and Endovascular Management
  4385. INTRODUCTION
  4386. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
  4387. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY
  4388. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4389. Epidemiology
  4390. History and Physical Examination
  4391. Initial Laboratory Findings
  4392. Natural History
  4393. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4394. Diagnostic Evaluation: Functional Studies
  4395. Diagnostic Evaluation: Noninvasive Imaging
  4396. Diagnostic Evaluation: Invasive Imaging
  4397. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4398. Endovascular Repair
  4399. Open Repair
  4400. RESULTS OF RENAL ARTERY INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES
  4401. CHAPTER 250: Acute Mesenteric Artery Ischemia: Open and Endovascular
  4402. INTRODUCTION
  4403. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4404. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4405. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4406. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4407. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—OPEN
  4408. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—ENDOVASCULAR
  4409. Endovascular Access
  4410. Endovascular Diagnostic and Revascularization Techniques
  4411. Acute Embolus
  4412. Acute Thrombosis in the Setting of Chronic Occlusive Disease
  4413. Retrograde Open Mesenteric Stenting
  4414. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4415. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  4416. OUTCOMES
  4417. CHAPTER 251: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Mesenteric Arteries
  4418. CELIAC ARTERY (Fig. 251.1)
  4419. SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (FIGS. 251.1 to 251.3)
  4420. INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (FIGS. 251.1 and 251.4)
  4421. CHAPTER 252: Open and Endovascular Revascularization for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
  4422. INTRODUCTION
  4423. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4424. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  4425. TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4426. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: OPEN REVASCULARIZATION
  4427. Outcomes, Complications, and Management
  4428. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ENDOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION
  4429. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: HYBRID REVASCULARIZATION
  4430. Outcomes, Complications, and Management
  4431. SUMMARY
  4432. Part F: Venous Disorders
  4433. CHAPTER 253: Contemporary Operative Venous Thrombectomy
  4434. INTRODUCTION
  4435. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4436. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4437. The Technique of Operative Venous Thrombectomy
  4438. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4439. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4440. OUTCOMES
  4441. CHAPTER 254: Chronic Deep Vein Thrombosis/Postthrombotic Syndrome: Open and Endovascular Treatment
  4442. INTRODUCTION
  4443. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4444. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4445. MEDICAL THERAPY
  4446. INDICATIONS FOR ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY
  4447. ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY TECHNIQUES AND OPTIONS
  4448. IVC FILTER-INDUCED VENOCAVAL OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE
  4449. Surgical Technique
  4450. Extra-Abdominal Reconstructions
  4451. Intra-Abdominal Reconstructions
  4452. Endophlebectomy
  4453. Adjunctive Procedures
  4454. Postoperative Care
  4455. Complications/Management
  4456. Outcomes
  4457. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  4458. CHAPTER 255: Vena Cava Filter Placement and Removal
  4459. INTRODUCTION
  4460. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4461. Filter Placement
  4462. Types of Available Vena Cava Filters
  4463. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4464. Anatomic Considerations
  4465. Duplication of the IVC
  4466. Isolated Left-Sided IVC
  4467. Circumaortic and Retroaortic Left Renal Veins
  4468. Megacava
  4469. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4470. Standard Fluoroscopy-Guided IVC Filter Placement
  4471. Ultrasound-Guided IVC Filter Placement
  4472. IVC Filter Retrieval
  4473. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4474. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4475. Early Complications
  4476. Late Complications
  4477. OUTCOMES
  4478. The Prepic Trials
  4479. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  4480. CHAPTER 256: Venous Insufficiency Treatments, Including Medical Management
  4481. INTRODUCTION
  4482. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4483. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4484. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4485. Medical Management/Conservative Measures
  4486. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4487. Intervention
  4488. Preoperative Planning
  4489. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4490. Treatment of Truncal Veins
  4491. Thermal Ablation (Radiofrequency and Laser)
  4492. Nontumescent/Nonthermal Ablation
  4493. Surgical Therapies
  4494. Treatment of Tributary Veins
  4495. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4496. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4497. Deep Venous Insufficiency
  4498. OUTCOMES
  4499. Part G: Dialysis Access
  4500. CHAPTER 257: Autogenous and Prosthetic Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Access
  4501. INTRODUCTION
  4502. “Life-Plan”
  4503. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  4504. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  4505. Anesthetic Choice and General Principles
  4506. Autogenous Radio-Cephalic Access
  4507. Autogenous Radio-Basilic Access
  4508. Autogenous Brachio-Cephalic Access
  4509. Autogenous Brachio-Basilic Access (Single- and Two-Stage Procedures)
  4510. Forearm Loop Prosthetic Access
  4511. Brachial Artery or Axillary Artery-to-Axillary Vein Graft
  4512. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4513. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  4514. Hematoma
  4515. Thrombosis
  4516. Infection
  4517. Edema and CVOD
  4518. (Pseudo)Aneurysm
  4519. Neuropathic Pain Syndromes, IMN, ARHI
  4520. OUTCOMES
  4521. CHAPTER 258: Mastery Keys: Vascular Anatomy of Upper Extremity
  4522. RADIAL ARTERY
  4523. BRACHIAL ARTERY
  4524. ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
  4525. Part H: Thoracic
  4526. CHAPTER 259: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
  4527. INTRODUCTION
  4528. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4529. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4530. Neurogenic TOS
  4531. Arterial TOS
  4532. Venous TOS—Paget–Schroetter Syndrome
  4533. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4534. Neurogenic TOS
  4535. Arterial TOS
  4536. Venous TOS
  4537. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4538. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4539. Supra/Infraclavicular
  4540. Transaxillary
  4541. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  4542. COMPLICATIONS
  4543. Neuropraxia and Brachial Plexus Injury
  4544. Lymphatic Leak
  4545. Bleeding
  4546. Pneumothorax
  4547. OUTCOMES
  4548. CHAPTER 260: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet
  4549. CHAPTER 261: Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury (BTAI)
  4550. INTRODUCTION
  4551. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4552. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4553. BTAI CLASSIFICATION
  4554. INITIAL MANAGEMENT
  4555. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4556. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4557. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4558. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4559. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4560. OUTCOMES
  4561. Part I: Trauma
  4562. CHAPTER 262: Vascular Injuries to the Neck, Including the Subclavian Vessels
  4563. INTRODUCTION
  4564. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  4565. GENERAL APPROACH—ANATOMIC ZONES
  4566. ETIOLOGY/EPIDEMIOLOGY
  4567. MANAGEMENT
  4568. Operating Room Setup/Hybrid Setup
  4569. ZONE I
  4570. ZONE II
  4571. ZONE III
  4572. Blunt Vascular Injury
  4573. VERTEBRAL ARTERY TRAUMA
  4574. SUMMARY
  4575. CHAPTER 263: Injury to the Abdomen: Open and Endovascular
  4576. INTRODUCTION
  4577. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4578. Mechanism
  4579. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4580. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4581. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4582. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4583. Open Surgical Management
  4584. Injuries in the Porta Hepatis
  4585. Endovascular
  4586. Angioembolization
  4587. Stent-Grafting
  4588. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4589. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT/OUTCOMES
  4590. CHAPTER 264: Injury to the Extremities: Open and Endovascular Management
  4591. INTRODUCTION
  4592. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4593. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4594. EPIDEMIOLOGY, AMPUTATION, AND MORTALITY
  4595. Civilian
  4596. Military
  4597. PEDIATRIC INJURY
  4598. INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION
  4599. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4600. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4601. General Operative Topics
  4602. TEMPORARY VASCULAR SHUNTING (TVS)
  4603. Conduit Selection
  4604. Arterial Repair
  4605. Vein Repair
  4606. Fasciotomy
  4607. Wound Management
  4608. Upper Extremity
  4609. Lower Extremity
  4610. Endovascular Treatment
  4611. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4612. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4613. OUTCOMES
  4614. Long-Term Follow-Up
  4615. SECTION XIII: Trauma, Burn, and Acute Care Surgery
  4616. CHAPTER 265: Initial Assessment and Airway Management
  4617. INTRODUCTION
  4618. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4619. INITIAL ASSESSMENT
  4620. Trauma Team
  4621. Prehospital Handoff
  4622. Primary Survey
  4623. Airway
  4624. Breathing
  4625. Circulation
  4626. Disability
  4627. Exposure
  4628. Monitoring
  4629. Primary Survey Adjuncts
  4630. Secondary Survey
  4631. Additional Diagnostic Studies
  4632. Resuscitative Emergency Department Thoracotomy
  4633. AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
  4634. Airway Anatomy
  4635. Airway Assessment
  4636. Definitive Airway Measures
  4637. Emergency Surgical Airway
  4638. OUTCOMES
  4639. CHAPTER 266: Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST)
  4640. INTRODUCTION
  4641. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
  4642. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  4643. Physics of Ultrasound
  4644. Transducer Types
  4645. COMPLETING THE EXAM
  4646. Right Upper Quadrant View
  4647. Pericardial View
  4648. Left Upper Quadrant View
  4649. Pelvic
  4650. Incorporation of Extended FAST
  4651. CLINICAL APPLICATION
  4652. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS, PEARLS, AND PITFALLS
  4653. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  4654. OUTCOMES
  4655. CHAPTER 267: Management of Neck Injuries
  4656. INTRODUCTION
  4657. ANATOMY
  4658. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4659. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4660. ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4661. INJURY GRADING
  4662. MANAGEMENT
  4663. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4664. MANAGEMENT
  4665. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4666. MANAGEMENT
  4667. INTRODUCTION
  4668. The “No-Zone” Approach
  4669. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4670. Airway and Breathing
  4671. Circulation
  4672. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4673. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4674. Management of Zone I Injury
  4675. Management of Vascular Injury
  4676. Management of Penetrating Laryngotracheal Injuries
  4677. Management of Penetrating Pharyngoesophageal Injury
  4678. SUMMARY
  4679. CHAPTER 268: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Lateral Neck Exploration for Trauma
  4680. EXPOSURE
  4681. EXPLORATION OF VASCULAR STRUCTURES
  4682. EXPLORATION OF MIDLINE STRUCTURES
  4683. ADDITIONAL EXPOSURE OF THORACIC INLET
  4684. CHAPTER 269: Neurosurgical Emergencies
  4685. INTRODUCTION
  4686. Etiology and Pathophysiology
  4687. DEFINITION
  4688. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
  4689. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4690. IMAGING STUDIES
  4691. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4692. Primary and Secondary Survey
  4693. Patients with GCS Score 3–8
  4694. Intracranial Pressure, Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, and Pressure Reactivity Index
  4695. Patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury
  4696. Patients with Brain Contusion
  4697. Craniotomy or Decompressive Craniectomies for Hematomas or Diffuse Axonal Injuries
  4698. Acute on Chronic SDH
  4699. Surgical Management of CSF Fistulas
  4700. OUTCOMES
  4701. Patients With Penetrating Brain Injury
  4702. INTRODUCTION
  4703. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
  4704. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4705. IMAGING STUDIES
  4706. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4707. OUTCOMES
  4708. Prognosis
  4709. CHAPTER 270: Thoracic Trauma and Injury to the Diaphragm
  4710. INTRODUCTION
  4711. INITIAL EVALUATION
  4712. RESUSCITATIVE THORACOTOMY
  4713. Indications/Contraindications
  4714. Surgical Technique
  4715. SECONDARY EVALUATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4716. Indications for Urgent Intervention in Thoracic Trauma
  4717. Surgical Technique: Incisions and Approaches
  4718. RIB FRACTURES
  4719. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
  4720. Treatment
  4721. STERNAL FRACTURES
  4722. PULMONARY INJURIES
  4723. LACERATIONS
  4724. Operative Indications and Approach
  4725. Treatment
  4726. CONTUSIONS
  4727. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
  4728. Treatment
  4729. CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PENETRATING AND BLUNT CARDIAC INJURY
  4730. OPERATIVE APPROACHES
  4731. TREATMENT
  4732. MYOCARDIAL CONTUSION: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
  4733. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  4734. OPERATIVE PLANNING, APPROACHES, AND TREATMENT
  4735. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  4736. Operative Approach
  4737. Treatment
  4738. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  4739. OPERATIVE APPROACH
  4740. TREATMENT
  4741. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  4742. TREATMENT
  4743. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  4744. ANATOMY
  4745. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4746. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  4747. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS, PLANNING, AND TREATMENT
  4748. OPERATIVE TREATMENT
  4749. Laparotomy
  4750. Laparoscopy
  4751. Thoracoscopy (VATS)
  4752. Thoracotomy
  4753. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS
  4754. CONCLUSION
  4755. CHAPTER 271: Retained Hemothorax, Pleural Effusion and Traumatic Empyema
  4756. DEFINITION
  4757. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4758. Plain Radiography
  4759. Computed Tomography
  4760. Ultrasonography
  4761. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4762. Standardized Approach
  4763. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4764. Plain Radiography
  4765. Ultrasonography
  4766. Computed Tomography
  4767. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4768. Antibiotic Therapy
  4769. Pleural Drainage
  4770. Fibrinolytics
  4771. PERIPROCEDURAL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNIQUE
  4772. POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
  4773. COMPLICATIONS
  4774. Inadequate Drainage or Recurrence
  4775. Persistent Air Leak
  4776. Trapped Lung
  4777. CONCLUSION
  4778. CHAPTER 272: Management of Cardiac Injuries
  4779. INTRODUCTION
  4780. ETIOLOGY
  4781. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4782. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND NONOPERATIVE THERAPY
  4783. Preoperative Planning
  4784. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  4785. Pericardial Window
  4786. Positive Pericardial Window and Management with Pericardial Drain Only
  4787. Decision on Incision—Thoracotomy versus Sternotomy
  4788. VENTRICULAR INJURIES
  4789. ATRIAL INJURIES
  4790. CORONARY ARTERIES
  4791. INTRA- AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4792. Resuscitation
  4793. Postoperative Management
  4794. Complications
  4795. Outcomes
  4796. CHAPTER 273: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Median Sternotomy and Heart
  4797. MEDIAN STERNOTOMY
  4798. HEART
  4799. External Anatomy (Figs. 273.1 to 273.4)
  4800. Blood Supply (Figs. 273.3A, 273.4 to 273.6)
  4801. CHAPTER 274: Damage Control Laparotomy
  4802. INTRODUCTION
  4803. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4804. DIAGNOSTICS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4805. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4806. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF DAMAGE CONTROL LAPAROTOMY
  4807. Resuscitation in the ICU
  4808. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4809. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4810. OUTCOMES
  4811. CHAPTER 275: Treatment of Major Hepatic and Splenic Trauma
  4812. INTRODUCTION
  4813. OPERATIVE ANATOMY
  4814. Liver and Biliary Tree
  4815. Spleen
  4816. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4817. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4818. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES
  4819. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES
  4820. Operative Preparations
  4821. DEFINITIVE OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
  4822. Liver
  4823. Hemostasis of Hepatic Injuries
  4824. Spleen
  4825. ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES
  4826. Spleen
  4827. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  4828. Hemorrhage
  4829. Abscess
  4830. Splenic Necrosis
  4831. Hepatic Necrosis
  4832. Hemobilia
  4833. Biloma, Biliary Fistula, Bile Leak, Bile Peritonitis
  4834. Hepatic Arteriovenous Fistula Formation
  4835. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP
  4836. CHAPTER 276: Abdominal Vascular Injury and Use of REBOA
  4837. INTRODUCTION
  4838. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4839. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4840. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4841. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR REBOA USE
  4842. Zone 1 REBOA
  4843. Zone 3 REBOA
  4844. Zone 2 REBOA
  4845. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4846. First Step: Get Access
  4847. Open Cut-Down Technique
  4848. Placement of Balloon
  4849. Determining Definitive Control of Hemorrhage
  4850. Deflation of Balloon Occlusion
  4851. Partial REBOA
  4852. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4853. COMPLICATIONS
  4854. OUTCOMES AFTER REBOA
  4855. CONCLUSIONS
  4856. CHAPTER 277: Duodenal and Pancreatic Trauma
  4857. INTRODUCTION
  4858. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4859. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4860. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4861. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4862. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4863. Classification of Injury—American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Duodenum Organ Injury Scale (OIS)
  4864. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4865. Exposure of the Duodenum
  4866. Factors in Repair
  4867. Nonoperative Management of Organ Injury Scale Grade I Duodenal Hematoma
  4868. Management of Organ Injury Scale Grades II, III, and Selected Grade IV Injuries (Table 277.2)
  4869. Adjunctive Procedures for Selected Patients Undergoing Duodenal Repair
  4870. Management of Organ Injury Scale Grade IV Injury Involving the Ampulla or Distal Common Bile Duct and Grade V Injury (Table 277.2)
  4871. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4872. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4873. OUTCOMES
  4874. INTRODUCTION
  4875. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4876. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4877. MULTINODAL THERAPY
  4878. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  4879. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  4880. Classification of Injury—American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Pancreas Organ Injury Scale
  4881. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4882. Exposure of the Pancreas
  4883. Factors in Repair
  4884. Nonoperative Management of Organ Injury Scale Grade I, II, and Select Grade III Injuries
  4885. Management of Organ Injury Scale Grades I and II Injuries Found Incidentally at Laparotomy (Table 277.5)
  4886. Management of Organ Injury Scale Grade III Injury (Table 277.5)
  4887. Management of Organ Injury Scale Grade IV Injury (Table 277.5)
  4888. Management of Organ Injury Scale Grade V Injury (Table 277.5)
  4889. SUMMARY OF OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT FOR PANCREATIC INJURIES
  4890. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4891. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4892. OUTCOMES
  4893. COMBINED PANCREATODUODENAL INJURIES
  4894. Complications/Mortality
  4895. CHAPTER 278: Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Management of the Open Abdomen
  4896. INTRODUCTION
  4897. ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS
  4898. MANAGEMENT
  4899. INDICATIONS
  4900. TEMPORARY ABDOMINAL CLOSURE
  4901. POSTOPERATIVE CARE IN THE OPEN ABDOMEN
  4902. CLOSURE TECHNIQUES
  4903. STAGE 1: ATTEMPTED DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE
  4904. STAGE 2: STAGED SPLIT-THICKNESS SKIN GRAFTING
  4905. COMPLICATIONS (OPEN ABDOMEN)
  4906. STAGE 3: DEFINITIVE ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION
  4907. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: MODIFIED COMPONENTS SEPARATION
  4908. Step 1: Skin Graft Removal
  4909. Step 2: Full-Thickness Skin-Flap Creation
  4910. Step 3: External Oblique Component of Anterior Rectus Fascia Release
  4911. Step 4: Posterior Rectus-Sheath Dissection
  4912. Step 5: The Memphis Modification—Internal Oblique Component of Anterior Rectus-Fascia Release
  4913. Step 6: Anterior Fascia and Muscle Translocation
  4914. Step 7: Midline Closure
  4915. POSTOPERATIVE CARE (ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION)
  4916. COMPLICATIONS (ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION)
  4917. OUTCOMES
  4918. SUMMARY
  4919. CHAPTER 279: Pelvic Fractures and Retroperitoneal Hematoma
  4920. INTRODUCTION
  4921. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  4922. Anatomy
  4923. Injury Classification
  4924. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  4925. Primary and Secondary Survey
  4926. Imaging Adjuncts
  4927. Management of Concomitant Injuries
  4928. Additional Considerations in Special Populations
  4929. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  4930. Temporary Hemostasis
  4931. Definitive Hemostasis
  4932. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  4933. Preperitoneal Packing
  4934. Open Vascular Control
  4935. External Fixation
  4936. Approach to Retroperitoneal Injuries
  4937. Management of Urologic Injuries
  4938. Definitive Pelvic Fixation
  4939. Anterior–Posterior Compression Injuries
  4940. Lateral Compression Injuries
  4941. Open Pelvic Fractures
  4942. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  4943. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  4944. Pelvic Sepsis
  4945. Venous Thromboembolism
  4946. Fat Embolism Syndrome
  4947. OUTCOMES
  4948. CHAPTER 280: Genitourinary Tract Trauma
  4949. INTRODUCTION
  4950. RENAL TRAUMA
  4951. Staging of Renal Injuries
  4952. Radiographic Staging
  4953. INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL EXPLORATION
  4954. PARENCHYMAL INJURY
  4955. VASCULAR INJURY
  4956. RENAL EXPLORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION
  4957. Proximal Vascular Control
  4958. Principles of Reconstruction
  4959. Specific Techniques
  4960. VASCULAR INJURY AND REPAIR
  4961. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS
  4962. USE OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN RENAL TRAUMA
  4963. Angioembolization
  4964. Endovascular Stents
  4965. COMPLICATIONS OF RENAL INJURIES
  4966. URETERAL INJURY
  4967. Staging
  4968. Principles of Reconstruction
  4969. Techniques of Reconstruction
  4970. Bladder Trauma
  4971. Principles of Reconstruction
  4972. Urethral Trauma
  4973. Anterior Urethral (Straddle) Injuries
  4974. Posterior Urethral Injuries
  4975. External Genital Trauma
  4976. Testicular Trauma
  4977. PENILE TRAUMA
  4978. Penile Fracture
  4979. Penile Amputation
  4980. Penetrating Penile Injury
  4981. Skin Loss to Genitals
  4982. Genital Burn Injuries
  4983. CONCLUSIONS
  4984. CHAPTER 281: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Urogenital System
  4985. KIDNEYS
  4986. Fasciae (Fig. 281.2)
  4987. Location and Parts
  4988. Blood Supply
  4989. Lymphatic Drainage (Fig. 281.8A)
  4990. Innervation (Fig. 281.8C)
  4991. URETERS
  4992. Vasculature (Fig. 281.7A)
  4993. INNERVATION (Fig. 281.8C)
  4994. URINARY BLADDER
  4995. Parts
  4996. Vasculature
  4997. Innervation
  4998. Urethra
  4999. CHAPTER 282: Burn and Inhalation Injury
  5000. INTRODUCTION
  5001. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5002. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5003. Risk Factor
  5004. Burn Wound Evaluation
  5005. Diagnosis of Inhalation Injury and Respiratory Poisoning
  5006. Other Concomitant Injuries
  5007. Prognosis
  5008. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5009. Triage
  5010. Initial Medical Treatment
  5011. IMMEDIATE SURGICAL TREATMENT: ESCHAROTOMY AND FASCIOTOMY
  5012. Escharotomy
  5013. Fasciotomy
  5014. INDICATION FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT
  5015. Specific Considerations:
  5016. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING: TIMING AND WOUND COVERAGE STRATEGY
  5017. Surgical Timing
  5018. Wound Coverage Strategy
  5019. Definitive Coverage
  5020. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5021. Wound Care
  5022. Excision
  5023. Autologous Skin Graft
  5024. Expansion
  5025. Alexander Technique
  5026. Allo- and Xenograft as Temporary Coverage
  5027. Dermal Regenerative Template
  5028. Cultured Epithelial Autograft
  5029. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5030. OUTCOMES
  5031. Acute Complications
  5032. Long-Term Results
  5033. CONCLUSION
  5034. CHAPTER 283: Management of the Acute Abdomen
  5035. INTRODUCTION
  5036. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5037. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5038. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5039. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5040. Laparoscopy
  5041. Open laparotomy
  5042. Damage Control in Emergency General Surgery
  5043. SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
  5044. Transplant Patients
  5045. COVID-19
  5046. Postoperative/Postprocedural Patients
  5047. Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy
  5048. Acute Abdomen in the Medical Intensive Care Unit
  5049. Acute Abdomen after Bariatric Surgery
  5050. COMPLICATIONS/OUTCOMES
  5051. SUMMARY
  5052. CHAPTER 284: Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  5053. INTRODUCTION
  5054. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5055. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding:
  5056. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  5057. Occult GI Bleeding
  5058. Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  5059. Common Etiologies of Upper GI Bleeding
  5060. Common Etiologies of Lower GI Bleeding
  5061. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5062. Bleeding Localization
  5063. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5064. Upper GI Bleeding Procedures and Interventions
  5065. Lower GI Procedures and Interventions
  5066. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5067. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5068. OUTCOMES
  5069. Long-Term Followup
  5070. CHAPTER 285: Gastric and Duodenal Perforations
  5071. INTRODUCTION
  5072. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS
  5073. Laboratory Studies
  5074. Imaging Studies
  5075. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
  5076. Principles of Nonoperative Management
  5077. Principles of Operative Management
  5078. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  5079. Patient Positioning and Operative Equipment
  5080. Incision
  5081. Irrigation
  5082. Role of Intraoperative Biopsy
  5083. Gastric Perforations
  5084. Duodenal Perforations
  5085. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5086. Postoperative Management
  5087. Postoperative Care/Complications
  5088. CHAPTER 286: Acute Biliary Tract Disease
  5089. INTRODUCTION
  5090. SURGICAL ANATOMY
  5091. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5092. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
  5093. INDICATIONS
  5094. Cholecystostomy
  5095. Open Cholecystectomy
  5096. Operative Cholangiogram
  5097. Operative Ultrasonography
  5098. Subtotal Cholecystectomy
  5099. Common Bile Duct Exploration
  5100. Other Maneuvers
  5101. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  5102. CHAPTER 287: Small Bowel Obstruction
  5103. INTRODUCTION
  5104. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5105. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5106. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5107. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5108. Indications for Surgery
  5109. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5110. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5111. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5112. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5113. OUTCOMES
  5114. Long-Term Follow-Up
  5115. CHAPTER 288: Appendicitis
  5116. INTRODUCTION
  5117. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5118. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5119. THERAPY
  5120. Nonoperative Management
  5121. Complicated Appendicitis
  5122. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  5123. Indications/Contraindications
  5124. Preoperative Planning
  5125. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5126. Open Appendectomy
  5127. LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY
  5128. ROBOTIC-ASSISTED APPENDECTOMY
  5129. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5130. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5131. OUTCOMES
  5132. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  5133. Appendicitis in Pregnancy
  5134. Appendiceal Diverticulitis
  5135. Appendicitis in Elderly
  5136. Periappendicitis
  5137. Incidental Appendectomy
  5138. CHAPTER 289: Management of Toxic Megacolon and C. difficile Colitis
  5139. INTRODUCTION
  5140. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5141. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5142. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5143. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5144. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5145. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5146. Exploration and Planning
  5147. Diversion Procedure (Ileostomy–Colostomy)
  5148. Colonic Lavage Through Diverting Loop Ileostomy
  5149. Subtotal or Total Colectomy
  5150. Proctocolectomy with End Ileostomy/Re-Establishment of Intestinal Continuity
  5151. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5152. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5153. Wound Infection/Fascial Dehiscence
  5154. Intra-Abdominal/Pelvic Abscesses
  5155. Stomas
  5156. Hemorrhage
  5157. Antibiotics
  5158. OUTCOMES
  5159. CHAPTER 290: Complication of Bariatric Surgery
  5160. INTRODUCTION
  5161. EARLY COMPLICATIONS
  5162. Leak
  5163. Bleeding
  5164. Thromboembolic Complications
  5165. Cardiopulmonary Complications
  5166. Early Bowel Obstruction
  5167. LATE COMPLICATIONS
  5168. Strictures and Stenosis
  5169. Marginal Ulcer
  5170. Gastrogastric Fistula
  5171. Bowel Obstruction
  5172. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
  5173. COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER BARIATRIC PROCEDURES
  5174. Adjustable Gastric Band Complications
  5175. Duodenal Switch/Biliopancreatic Diversion, and Single Anastomotic Procedures
  5176. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
  5177. Biliary Disease
  5178. Nutritional Deficiencies
  5179. Weight Recidivism
  5180. Psychiatric Considerations
  5181. CONCLUSION
  5182. CHAPTER 291: Surgical Infections of Skin and Soft Tissue
  5183. INTRODUCTION
  5184. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5185. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5186. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  5187. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5188. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5189. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5190. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5191. OUTCOMES
  5192. NSTI
  5193. Prognosis and Futility for NSTI
  5194. CHAPTER 292: Management of Incarcerated Hernias
  5195. INTRODUCTION
  5196. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5197. Inguinal Hernia
  5198. Ventral Hernia
  5199. Parastomal Hernia
  5200. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5201. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5202. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5203. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5204. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5205. Inguinal Hernia
  5206. Ventral Hernia
  5207. Other Hernias
  5208. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5209. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5210. OUTCOMES
  5211. CONCLUSION
  5212. SECTION XIV: Pediatric Surgery
  5213. CHAPTER 293: Congenital Neck Masses
  5214. INTRODUCTION
  5215. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5216. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5217. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5218. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5219. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5220. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES
  5221. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5222. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5223. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5224. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5225. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5226. Open Excision: General Concepts
  5227. First Branchial Cleft Anomalies
  5228. Second, Third, and Fourth Branchial Cleft Anomalies
  5229. Endoscopic Obliteration
  5230. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES
  5231. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5232. Infectious Etiologies
  5233. Neoplastic Etiologies
  5234. Inflammatory and Miscellaneous Etiologies
  5235. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5236. Infectious Lymphadenopathy
  5237. Neoplastic Lymphadenopathy
  5238. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND INDICATIONS
  5239. Laboratory Evaluation
  5240. Imaging
  5241. Biopsy
  5242. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5243. Excisional Lymph Node Biopsy
  5244. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES
  5245. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5246. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY, AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5247. Subglottic Hemangiomas
  5248. Lymphatic Malformations
  5249. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5250. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, OUTCOMES, AND MULTIMODAL CARE
  5251. CHAPTER 294: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  5252. INTRODUCTION
  5253. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5254. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5255. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5256. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5257. Open
  5258. Thoracoscopic
  5259. Magnets
  5260. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5261. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5262. Anastomotic Leak
  5263. Anastomotic Stricture
  5264. Recurrent Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  5265. Tracheobronchomalacia
  5266. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Esophageal Dysmotility
  5267. Long Gap Esophageal Atresia
  5268. H-Type Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  5269. OUTCOMES
  5270. CHAPTER 295: Mastery Keys: Embryology of the Development of the Esophagus and Trachea
  5271. CHAPTER 296: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
  5272. INTRODUCTION
  5273. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5274. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5275. Fetal Presentation/Risk Prediction
  5276. Postnatal Presentation/Risk Prediction
  5277. MULTIMODAL THERAPY AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5278. Neonatal Management
  5279. Extracorporeal Life Support
  5280. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
  5281. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5282. Open Repair via Left Subcostal Approach
  5283. Nuances for Operating on ECLS
  5284. Nuances for Approaching Right CDH
  5285. Minimally Invasive Surgical (MIS) Repair via Thoracoscopic Approach
  5286. COMPLICATIONS
  5287. OUTCOMES
  5288. CHAPTER 297: Chest Wall Deformities
  5289. INTRODUCTION
  5290. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5291. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5292. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5293. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5294. Pain
  5295. Metal Allergy Screening
  5296. Constipation
  5297. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5298. Choice of Operation
  5299. Anesthetic Considerations
  5300. Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum (Modified Nuss Procedure)
  5301. Procedure
  5302. Open Pectus Repair
  5303. Positioning
  5304. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5305. Activity Restriction
  5306. Bar Removal
  5307. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  5308. Pneumothorax
  5309. Bar Rotation
  5310. Infection
  5311. Metal Allergy
  5312. Pleural Effusion
  5313. Bleeding at Bar Removal
  5314. Recurrence
  5315. OUTCOMES
  5316. CHAPTER 298: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants and Children
  5317. INTRODUCTION
  5318. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5319. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5320. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5321. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5322. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5323. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5324. Gastrostomy/Gastrojejunostomy
  5325. Nissen Fundoplication
  5326. Open Nissen Fundoplication
  5327. Gastro-Esophageal Disassociation/Disconnection
  5328. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5329. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5330. Gastrojejunostomy
  5331. Fundoplication
  5332. OUTCOMES
  5333. Long-Term Follow-Up
  5334. CHAPTER 299: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis and Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5335. INTRODUCTION
  5336. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5337. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5338. EPIDEMIOLOGY
  5339. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5340. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5341. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5342. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5343. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5344. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5345. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5346. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5347. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5348. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5349. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5350. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5351. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5352. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5353. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5354. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5355. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5356. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5357. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5358. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5359. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5360. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5361. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5362. OUTCOMES
  5363. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  5364. Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
  5365. CHAPTER 300: Malrotation
  5366. INTRODUCTION
  5367. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5368. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5369. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5370. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5371. Ultrasonography
  5372. Upper Gastrointestinal Study
  5373. Other Imaging Modalities
  5374. Considerations in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
  5375. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5376. Open Ladd procedure
  5377. Laparoscopic Ladd Procedure
  5378. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5379. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5380. OUTCOMES
  5381. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  5382. CHAPTER 301: Mastery Keys: Embryology of Gastrointestinal Tract
  5383. CHAPTER 302: Biliary Atresia and Choledochal Cysts–Obstructive Jaundice in the Pediatric Population
  5384. INTRODUCTION
  5385. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5386. Anatomic Classification
  5387. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5388. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5389. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5390. Initial Fibrous Remnant Dissection
  5391. Extended Lateral Dissection
  5392. Enteric Drainage
  5393. Laparoscopic Portoenterostomy
  5394. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5395. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  5396. OUTCOMES
  5397. INTRODUCTION
  5398. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5399. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5400. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5401. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5402. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5403. COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES
  5404. CHAPTER 303: Intussusception
  5405. INTRODUCTION
  5406. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5407. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5408. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5409. Resuscitation
  5410. Radiographic Management
  5411. Surgical Management
  5412. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5413. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5414. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5415. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5416. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5417. OUTCOMES
  5418. CHAPTER 304: Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects
  5419. INTRODUCTION
  5420. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5421. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5422. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5423. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5424. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5425. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5426. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
  5427. OUTCOMES
  5428. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5429. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5430. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5431. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5432. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5433. Staged Neonatal Closure
  5434. Scarification Treatment
  5435. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5436. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5437. Ruptured Omphalocele
  5438. OUTCOMES
  5439. CHAPTER 305: Mastery Keys: Embryology of Formation of Thoracic and Abdominal Wall and Cavities
  5440. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SOMITES
  5441. DEVELOPMENT OF BODY CAVITIES
  5442. CHAPTER 306: Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Short Bowel Syndrome
  5443. INTRODUCTION
  5444. NEONATAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
  5445. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5446. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  5447. TREATMENT
  5448. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  5449. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5450. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5451. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5452. COMPLICATIONS
  5453. ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5454. TREATMENT
  5455. COMPLICATIONS OF SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME AND INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  5456. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  5457. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5458. COMPLICATIONS OF INTESTINAL LENGTHENING
  5459. INTESTINAL TRANSPLANT
  5460. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  5461. CHAPTER 307: Neonatal Bowel Obstruction
  5462. INTRODUCTION
  5463. PRENATAL HISTORY
  5464. PERINATAL MANAGEMENT
  5465. DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
  5466. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC NEONATAL BOWEL OBSTRUCTIONS
  5467. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5468. Medical Therapy and Perinatal Management
  5469. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5470. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5471. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5472. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5473. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS
  5474. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5475. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5476. MEDICAL THERAPY
  5477. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5478. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5479. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5480. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5481. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS
  5482. CHAPTER 308: Hirschsprung Disease
  5483. INTRODUCTION
  5484. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5485. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5486. Radiographic Evaluation
  5487. Rectal Biopsy
  5488. Anorectal Manometry
  5489. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5490. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  5491. Leveling Colostomy or Ileostomy
  5492. Pull-Through for Recto Sigmoid HD
  5493. Soave Pull-Through
  5494. Duhamel
  5495. Pull-Through With Intestinal Derotation
  5496. Pull-Through for Total Colonic HD
  5497. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5498. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5499. Obstruction
  5500. Enterocolitis
  5501. Soiling
  5502. OUTCOMES
  5503. CHAPTER 309: Anorectal Malformations
  5504. INTRODUCTION
  5505. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5506. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5507. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
  5508. Staged Reconstruction
  5509. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  5510. Neonatal Surgical Management
  5511. Cloacal Malformation
  5512. Imperforate Anus in Setting of OEIS
  5513. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5514. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5515. OUTCOMES
  5516. CHAPTER 310: Cryptorchidism
  5517. INTRODUCTION
  5518. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  5519. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  5520. MULTIMODAL THERAPY
  5521. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
  5522. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  5523. Palpable Testis
  5524. Nonpalpable Testis
  5525. Fowler–Stephens Orchidopexy
  5526. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  5527. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT
  5528. OUTCOMES
  5529. Malignancy
  5530. CHAPTER 311: Mastery Keys: Descent of Testis
  5531. APPENDIX: Figure Credits: Anatomy Chapters
  5532. Index
  • About The Author(s)

    E. Christopher Ellison
    Gilbert R. Upchurch MD

    Chief of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, William H. Muller, Jr. Professor, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA

    Philip Alexander Efron
    Steven D. Wexner
    Nancy D. Perrier MD, FACS
    V. Suzanne Klimberg MD
    Muriel Balsam Kohn Chair in Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
    John H. Stewart MD, MBA
    Valerie W. Rusch MD
    Chief of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Professor of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
    JON C. GOULD
    SUSAN GALANDIUK
    TIMOTHY M. PAWLIK MD, MPH, MTS, PhD
    William C. Chapman MD
    Benjamin Kuttikatt Poulose MD, MPH
    Peter K. Henke MD
    Assistant Professor, Vascular Surgery Section, University of Michigan Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
    Alicia Mohr MD
    Mirza Saleem Islam MD, MPH
    Anne M. R. Agur BSc (OT), MSc, PhD, FAAA
    CAROL E. H. SCOTT-CONNER
    David Renton

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